摘要
有若干宋式建筑大木构件,《营造法式》记载失之太过简略或语焉不清,与现存宋元建筑实例难以完全契合,致使当今学术界存有不同的认识与理解。本文结合建筑实例,对几个大木构件构造问题略作考察分析,认为:隐角梁与续角梁是一物而二名;挑斡于《法式》原意可能是指铺作中昂之后尾与梁架的结合方式而言,即凡具有昂尾挑一斗或一材两栔以承下平槫的构造形式就可以称为挑斡,而不论其是否出昂头,宋元实例所见下昂、上昂及所谓"斜撑"一类构件的做法灵活多样,很难就此总结出与当今各家所谓"挑斡"完全契合的固定模式;假昂最初就是在无法用真昂的地方从外观形式上对真昂的模仿,其最早大约可追溯至中晚唐时期,而在宋辽金时期也存在诸如平出昂、插昂、昂形耍头等多种形式的具有假昂意味的做法,它们结合起来一并导致了成熟的假昂形态,较为正规的假昂做法至少在北宋前期已存在;牛脊槫的位置应在铺作的正心槽缝亦即檐柱头缝上,大致相当于清式的正心桁。
The illegible records of several major timber structural components of Song architecture in Ying Zao Fa Shi (Building Standards《营造法式》) and the disagreement with the existent construction examples lead to disputes among academic circles. The author’s analytical researches into the architectural examples and the issues concerned results in the conclusion that hidden corner beam and extended corner beam are the same components but named differently. Tiaowo (挑斡) works as the mode to link ang’s (昂) end and the beam of bracketing unit as Ying Zao Fa Shi says. Whether ang’s cap comes out or not, Tiaowo is the structural mode to support the down-flat purlin by ang’s end that raises either one bearing block or one cai two zhi (‘cai’ and ‘zhi’ are length units in the cai-fen carpentry system of measurement). There are such various skills and modes to make down-ang, up-ang and Xiecheng (斜撑) as Song and Yuan architectural examples show that it is difficult to define one mode as Tiaowo. False ang (假昂) that can be traced to middle through late Tang Dynasty was originally made as the substitute for the real ang with the similar exterior features where necessary. The patterns of false ang varied in Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties such as flat ang, inserting ang and ang-formed shuatou (昂形耍 头), upon which the mature formation of false ang was established, and the standard skills of making false ang were formulized no later than early Northern Song Dynasty. The buffalo-spine purlin (牛脊槫) is fixed on the center slot or the eaves’ column capital of bracketing unit, which is analogous to the center purlin of the architecture of Qing style.
出处
《故宫博物院院刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2010年第3期91-109,共19页
Palace Museum Journal
关键词
宋式建筑
隐角梁
续角梁
昂
下昂
上昂
挑斡
假昂
牛脊樽
the architecture of Song system
hidden corner beam
extended corner beam
ang
down-ang
up-ang
tiaowo
false ang
buffalo-spine purlin
