摘要
表示"站立"意义的词属于人类语言的基本词。本文描述汉语"站立"义词的现实分布和历时演变,并尝试对两者的关系作出解释。现代方言中表"站立"义的主导词有3个:站、立、徛。它们的分布特点是:"站"分布最广,大多数北方方言说"站",此外还散见于非官话区的部分方言点;"徛"密集分布于东南部的吴语、徽语、赣语、湘语、客家话、广西平话、粤语、闽语地区;"立"则呈零散分布,散落在官话、晋语、吴语、赣语、湘语、湖南乡话和广西平话各区。这3个词在汉语史上的情况大致是:"立"从有文字记载的上古早期起一直是影响最大的通语词,直到明代以后才在大部分北方地区被"站"替换;"徛(倚)"用作"站立"义始见于战国,历史上可能作为一个方言词一直存在于南部广大地区;"站"始见于唐代,明代以后在广大的官话区逐渐取代"立"成为新的通语词。"站"很可能是所谓的"长江型"词,即兴起于江淮流域而后往北扩散。
Words with the meaning 'to stand' are basic in human languages. This paper describes the synchronic distribution and diachronic development of these words in Chinese and tries to provide an explanation of the relationship between them. There are three predominant words meaning 'to stand' in Chinese dialects today: zhan (站), li (立), ji (徛/倚). The chief diachronic development of them are as follows: (1) li, as a standard word, had the highest frequency from archaic Chinese and was not substituted by zhan in most northern areas till Ming dynasty; (2) ji had the meaning of 'to stand' in Warring States Period and might be a dialectal word in southern areas; (3) the usage of zhan is found firstly in Tang dynasty and substituted li in Mandarin after Ming dynasty. It also supposes that zhan may be one of socalled 'Yangtze words', which originated in the Yangtze and Huai River Valley and spread to the north and the west in China.
出处
《中国语文》
CSSCI
北大核心
2010年第4期299-310,共12页
Studies of the Chinese Language
基金
日本学术振兴会2008年“外国人招聘研究者(短期)”项目的资助(S08142).
关键词
站
立
衙(倚)
共时分布
历时演变
解释“长江型词”
zhan(站), li (立), ji (徛/倚), synchronic distribution, diachronic development, explanation, Yangtze words
