摘要
通过操纵因果模型的特征维度及推理方向,探讨因果模型在类比推理中的作用。实验一探讨了当结果特征未知时进行类比推理的情况,发现在一果多因时,被试采用因果模型进行类比推理,而在一因多果时,被试同时采用因果模型和计算模型进行类比推理。实验二探讨当原因特征未知时进行类比推理的情况,发现在一果多因和一因多果时,被试均采用因果模型进行类比推理。结果表明:(1)当结果特征未知时,人们会建构因果模型进行类比推理。且当因果模型和计算模型处于冲突情境时,人们会采用因果模型进行类比推理;但当因果模型和计算模型处于非冲突情境时,人们会同时采用因果模型和计算模型。(2)当原因特征未知时,即按照因果模型推理的难度增加时,人们仍会建构因果模型进行类比推理。
Analogical inference is important for academic tasks and daily life.There are two kinds of extant models,computational models and causal models,trying to explain the analogy process in different ways.Computational models of analogy assume that the strength of an inductive inference about the target is based directly on similarity of the analogs.In contrast,causal models suggest that analogical inference is also guided by causal models of the source and target.Lee and Holyoak（2008） reported that analogical inference appeared to be mediated by building and running a causal model.However,the causal model adopted in their materials was common-effect model,which was merely one kind of causal models.Causal models include cause-effect and effect-cause in the reasoning directions;unique cause-effect model,common-effect model,common-cause model,and multiple cause-effect model in the feature dimensions.More importantly,the common-effect model is significantly different from the common-cause model both in reasoning direction and reasoning difficulty.Then whether the results of Lee and Holyoak（2008） can represent all kinds of causal models？ To answer this question,this research focused on the possibility that people make analogical inference by running causal models in cause-effect and effect-cause order,under the conditions of common-effect and common-cause feature structure.Two experiments were performed to investigate the possibility that people make analogical inference by running causal models.About fifty undergraduates were randomly selected to participate in each experiment.Participants were asked to read a description of imaginary animals in a booklet,and then evaluate the inductive strength of analogical inference.In experiment 1,participants were asked to make analogical inference in a cause-effect order under the conditions of common-effect and common-cause feature structure.In experiment 2,participants were asked to make analogical inference in an effect-cause order under the conditions of common-effect and common-cause feature structure.The results of experiment 1 showed that in cause-effect direction,participants used causal models to make analogy in common-effect feature structure,but used both causal models and computational models in common-cause feature structure.The results of experiment 2 showed that in effect-cause direction,participants used causal models to make analogy in both common-effect and common-cause feature structure.The present findings indicated that people could build and run causal models in both cause-effect order and effect-cause order to make analogical inference.When computational models and causal models competed with each other,people tended to use causal models in analogical inference;but if the two models didn＇t compete,people tended to use both.Future work should be focused on building a more perfect model to explain the cognitive process of analogical inference.
出处
《心理学报》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2010年第8期834-844,共11页
Acta Psychologica Sinica
基金
教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(05JZD00034)的资助
关键词
类比推理
因果模型
计算模型
analogical inference
causal models
computational models
