摘要
1994年,在瑞典-俄罗斯94’苔原生态考察中研究了东北廊道苔原带鸟类地理生态学的几个不同方面。在临时野外试验点定量分析了繁殖鸟类群落和种群,并以直升机在广阔苔原带上的调查为补充。本研究分析了鸟类捕食者的种间关系,如贼鸥、雪鴞和毛脚鵟,以及被捕食者——旅鼠的丰度。本文分析检验了贼鸥颜色、滨鹬基因型(以线粒体DNA为基础)的地理差异,不同水禽的社会组织,以及不同滨鹬种群的换羽策略。通过安装在考察船上的跟踪雷达记录鸟类迁移规律,并以目视观察为补充。这些研究表明了苔原带鸟类的飞行方向、高度、速度(也通过光学仪器进行了测量)和迁移路线类型。鸟类环志研究将这些结果置于全球性鸟类迁移的范畴。这次考察中,对极地鸟能量学的两个重要方面也进行了研究,即迁徙中水禽的基本代谢速率和所贮藏的能量载体。通过在东北廊道大量试验地点重复方位性试验检验了经度变换对长距离迁移者——麦翁——迁移方位的影响。
Several different aspects of the geographical ecology of tundra birds were investigated during the Swedish-Russian Tundra Ecology -94 expedition along the Northeast Passage in 1994. Quantitative censuses of breeding bird communities and populations were made at the temporary field sites, supplemented by surveys from helicopter over wider tundra areas. The occurrence of avian predatory species-skuas, snowy owl and rough-legged buzzard-was analyzed with respect to interspecific relationships as well as to the abundance of their main prey, the lemmings. Geographical variation in color phases among skuas and of genetics in dunlins (based on mitochondrial DNA) were examined, as well as the social organization in different wader species and moult strategies among populations of dunlins. Bird migration was recorded by a tracking radar placed on the expedition ship, and by complementary visual observations. These studies demonstrated the patterns of flight directions, altitudes, speeds (also measured by optical instruments) and migratory routes of the tundra birds. Ringing results contributed to put these results into a global migratory perspective. Two important aspects of the energetics of arctic birds were investigated during the expedition: the basal metabolic rates of waders when departing on migration, and the fuel loads deposited by the migrating waders. The effect of longitudinal displacement on the migratory orientation of a long-distance passerine migrant, the wheatear, was tested by repeated orientation experiments at a number of test sites along the Northeast Passage.
