摘要
秦与西汉政府在郡国县乡设置过"司空",掌管水利、土建工程,役使罪犯劳作,并负责徭役征发和追缴逋贷等事务。朝廷有邦司空、中司空,九卿属下也有监管刑徒劳作的多种"司空"机构,附设"诏狱"。西汉末至东汉前期,陆续撤销京师郡县的各种司空部门,仅在三公中保留司空,残存的罪犯劳动组织改称"作部"。其原因主要是国家统治政策以及刑法、徭役制度发生变化,罪犯劳动在经济领域中的地位和影响严重下降,致使"司空"机构逐步退出历史舞台。
The Qin and Western Han dynasties set up sikong (司空) at the prefectural, state, county and township levels, in charge of irrigation, civil engineering, and criminal labor servitude as well as corvée labor, debt recovery and pursuit of payment. At the court level, there were bang sikong(邦司空) and zhong sikong(中司空) departments, as well as various sikong bodies under the nine ministries(九卿), in charge of criminal labor with attached prisons for high-level offenders (zhaoyu 诏狱). During the late Western Han and early Eastern Han periods, the various sikong departments in the capital and the commanderies were gradually rescinded, with the sikong of the Three High Officials being the only ones retained. The remnants of the criminal labor organization were renamed zuobu (作部). This change was primarily due to the changes in the policy of national rule, the criminal law and the corvée system, as well as to a significant decrease in the economic status and influence of criminal labor, which ultimately led to the gradual withdrawal from the stage of history of the sikong as an official institution.
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2011年第4期15-34,189,共20页
Historical Research
