摘要
鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍能力的量化对鱼道设计有重要理论和实际价值,其基础是鱼类游泳能力的测定。首先对鱼类游泳能力的研究方法进行了概述总结,指出了鱼类游泳能力经典测试方法存在测定流场与自然情况相差较大的不足;分析了关键要素如鱼类行为特征、生理耗能规律及水力特性对鱼类通过水流速度障碍能力的影响;提出了分析鱼类游泳行为和能力与特征流场的关系,探讨鱼类通过水流障碍行为规律和生理疲劳恢复特征,通过研究仿自然流态下的鱼类自由游泳行为、水力计算及生理耗能的关系,构建多因素鱼类游泳能力关系式,定量评价鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍的发展方向。
Fish passage structures are constructed to facilitate fish moving to suitable habitats that are important during specific life stages.However,whether fish can successfully pass through a passage structure depends on their ability to swim against velocity barriers within the structure.Therefore,quantifying fish swimming ability is essential and to date,this knowledge is lacking for many species.Up to now,there is no widely-accepted method available to determine fish′s ability crossing through velocity barriers.Establishment of such methods is important in both theoretical research and practical application.This review first summarized the widely-adopted methods for testing fish swimming ability.Swimming ability is mainly characterized by sustained swimming speed（i.e.the speed a fish can maintained for at least 200 minutes）,critical swimming speed（i.e.the speed a fish can reach when using a step-wise protocol of speed increase） and burst speed（i.e.the maximum speed a fish can swim at,and this is usually maintained for 20 seconds）.Critical swimming speed is the most common indicator of fish swimming ability.The critical swimming speed,burst speed and sustained speed are often used as references to design the fish passage,together with velocity field that is calculated by mathematical model.However,there are strong arguments that it is not effective to design fish passages according to the above swimming speeds because they are mainly determined in uniform flow condition which is significantly different from the complicated water flows in real passage structures.Unsteady flow（e.g.turbulence）,which is a common phenomenon caused by the frictional effects of substrate and other objects in the water that disrupt laminar flow,might bring differences from laboratory results to field application.Thus,this review analyzed the key factors which affect fish crossing past velocity barriers,including fish behavior,metabolism,and hydraulics.Fish behavior has important influence on the ability to cross flow barriers,and such behaviors include sprinting,burst-glide,substratum skimming,jumping and flow refuging.Accordingly,researchers have defined the sprinting speed,gait transition speed,burst-glide speed and leaping ability of fishes to quantify their ability cross velocity barriers.Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism provides energy for fish swimming,and the related parameters such as oxygen consumption rate,blood glucose and lactate are effective indicators of a fish′s ability to cross passage structures.In recent research,excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption and transport costs are used to measure energy expenditure during and after swimming in order to understand energy utilization and recovery.Hydraulics is another factor affecting fishes′ ability to cross velocity barriers.It is observed that turbulence and jet-flows affect fish behavior and metabolism,thus affect passage success.Appropriate flow fields can increase the potential for fish to cross vertical slot fishways and culverts.In summary,a fish′s ability to pass through velocity barriers is complicated and depends on several biotic and abiotic factors.Future studies are suggested to（1） analyze the relationships between swimming behavior,swimming ability and hydraulic condition,and（2） quantify the energy cost-recovery rate during fish crossing velocity barriers,and（3） develop mathematical models to describe the probability that a fish can pass through velocity barriers according to the above relationships between hydraulic condition,swimming behavior and energy dynamics.
出处
《生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2011年第22期6967-6972,共6页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
楚天学者基金(KJ2010B002)
国家自然科学基金(50979049
51009082)
农业部海洋与河口渔业资源及生态重点开放实验室开放基金
中国博士后科学基金
关键词
水流障碍
行为生态
游泳能力
模型
velocity barrier
fish ethology
swimming ability
mathematical model
