8McParland M, Noble M, Livingston G. The effectiveness of prob- lem-based learning compared to traditional teaching in undergrad- uate psychiatry [ J ]. Med Educ ,2004,38 ( 8 ) : 859 - 867.
9Schmidt HG, Problem-based learning: rationale and description [ J]. Medical Education, 1983,17 ( 1 ) : 11 - 16.
10Hoffman K, Hosokawa M, Blaker R J, et al. Promble-based learning outcomes:Ten years of experience at the University of Missouri-Co- lumbia School of Medicine [ J ]. Academic Medicine, 2006,81 ( 7 ) : 617-625.
