摘要
目的探讨稻田使用化学农药对嗜人按蚊种群分布与疟疾发病率的影响。方法选择历史调查证实为嗜人按蚊分布的浙江(1987年,杭嘉湖地区的湖州、德清、安吉、长兴、余杭、萧山和嘉兴等7县的11个调查点)、四川(1987年,乐山的沐川、峨嵋、夹江和沙湾,及宜宾地区的兴文、长宁、筠连和高县等8个县10个村)和广西自治区(1983年,河池地区环江县川山公社的社村、何顿和白丹等3个村)的16个县共24个村作为调查点,用半通宵室内人饵诱捕和清晨全部人房蚊帐搜捕法,调查嗜人按蚊密度和种群比例。收集当地历年按蚊调查资料、疟疾发病率资料、单双季稻种植面积和稻田化学农药使用量情况,分析嗜人按蚊种群密度和疟疾发病率的变化与化学农药使用量的关系。结果浙江省杭嘉湖地区调查点以种植双季稻为主,至1973年农药使用量为45 kg/hm2,是20世纪50年代的50倍;嗜人按蚊密度逐年下降,至80年代末11个调查点均未发现嗜人按蚊;疟疾发病率降至1/万以下。四川省乐山和宜宾地区调查点以种植单季稻为主,60年代开始稻田使用化学农药,70～80年代初期农药使用量平均为8.6 kg/hm2,嗜人按蚊密度(86.2%)与60年代初(82.2%)比较无明显变化(χ2=0.63,P>0.05);80年代中期以后,农药使用量逐渐增加,至2000年及以后的使用量均约为18.18 kg/hm2,嗜人按蚊密度逐年下降。至2010年调查点未发现嗜人按蚊;全县无疟疾病例报告。广西环江县以双季稻为主,60、70和80年代初期稻田用农药量分别约为1.79、5.13和7.68 kg/hm2,80年代初嗜人按蚊密度为52%(1747/3 392);2000年以后平均稻田农药使用量达20.38 kg/hm2,嗜人按蚊密度明显下降。2008年后,在人房已较难捕获到嗜人按蚊,年平均发病率下降至0.14/万。结论农耕制度的改变和稻田高剂量使用化学农药,在一定程度上可破坏嗜人按蚊的孳生环境,使其分布范围缩小,数量减少或"消失",削弱了其传疟作用。
Objective To investigate the impact of the application of chemical pesticides on the distribution of Anopheles anthropophagus in rice fields and the malaria incidence. Method Twenty-four villages from 16 counties in the provinces of Zhejiang, Sichuan and Guangxi were chosen for the surveys in the period of 1983-1987. For the survey of An. anthropophagus, indoor human bait trapping until midnight and catching the mosquitoes in all the nets in early morning were carried out to get the density and population ratio of the mosquitoes. Historical data on Anopheles spp., malaria incidence, acreage of the single or double season cropping of rice and on the quantity of chemical pesticide used in rice fields were collected from the study areas. Results In Hang-jia-hu region of Zhejiang Province, double season rice cropping was performed at that time, the quantity of pesticides used in 1973 was 45 kg/hm2, which was as high as 50 times than that in the 1950s. The density of An. attthropophagus decreased yearly, no An. anthropophagus could be found at I1 survey points in late 1980s. The malaria incidence dropped to less than 1 per 10 000. In Leshan and Yibin areas of Sichuan Province, the major cultivation was single cropping, pesticides were applied in paddy fields since 1960s, and the average quantity of pesticides used was 8.6 kg/hm2 during 1970s-1980s. No significant difference on the density of An. anthropophagus was revealed between 1980s （86.2%） and 1960s （82.2%） 0（2--0.63, P〉0.05）. After mid- 1980s, pesticide use gradually increased, and reached to 18.18 kg/hm2 in average in the years after 2000. The density of An. anthropophagus decreased, no An. anthropophagus was found in 2010 in the area surveyed and no malaria cases were reported as well With double season cropping in Huanjiang County of Guangxi, the pesticide amount consumed was 1.79kg^hm2, 25.13 kg/hm2 and 7.68 kg]hm2 in paddy fields in 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, respectively. The proportion of An. anthro- pophagus in anophelines was 52%（1 747/3 392） in the beginning of the 1980s. After the year 2000, the average pesticide use increased to 20.38 kg/hm2 in paddy fields. It was difficult to find An. anthropophagus in human dwellings after 2008. The average annual malaria incidence dropped to 0.14 per 10 000. Conclusion Change of farming activities and espe- cially use of chemical pesticides in high quantity at the rice fields undermine the breeding environments of An. anthro- pophagus, greatly reduce the mosquito population and therefore the malaria incidence.
出处
《中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2012年第3期218-223,共6页
Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases
关键词
嗜人按蚊
疟疾
化学农药
Anopheles anthropophagus
Malaria Incidence
Pesticide
