摘要
从国内外污水的治理和水环境质量的改善对国家可持续发展的战略意义出发,综述了人工湿地发展的历史与现状,并针对人工湿地构建和运行中所涉及的科学规划与设计、对污水净化的作用机理、污水预处理的重要性、运行中基质的堵塞、北方寒冷地区越冬和运行等五个重要问题,结合目前国内外相关领域的研究进展,阐明了解决这些问题的观点与措施。在人工湿地系统工程的设计与构建中,根据污水类型、污染程度和湿地出水水质要求的不同,其工程总体设计和参数要有所差异。净化后的水体可用于城市水景和渔业生态养殖或工业化养殖。对于后者,还需深度净化和与之配套的养殖设施和设备;人工湿地对污水净化的作用体现为基质的吸附、过滤,植物的吸收、固定、转化、代谢以及湿地微生物的分解、利用等方面。基质和植物的选择及其配制结构对微生物的生长繁殖、湿地床的稳定运行以及污水处理效果有重要影响;人工湿地预处理工艺的设计,对减轻湿地系统污水处理负荷,堵塞的形成,使用年限等有直接的影响,是湿地系统构建中不可忽视的重要环节;人工湿地运行中引起的堵塞,主要与预处理工艺、基质选择与结构、水力负荷等因素有关,防止堵塞要注重这三大要素相关环节的科学设计与操作;人工湿地的冬季运行主要是针对北方地区采取保温措施和选择地下根茎发达且冬季能存活的多年生的水生、湿生植物为佳。这些观点或措施为我国人工湿地的科学构建和运行,提高污水处理效率,优化环境质量,促进经济社会可持续发展提供了理论和实践依据。
This paper reviewed the history and current situation of artificial wetlands from the strategic significance of wastewater treatment and improvement of water environment on the national sustainable development. Problems on planning and design in constructing and running artificial wetlands, sewage purification mechanism, importance of pretreatment, substrate clogging, wintering in northern cold regions were clarified. Combined with the present research progress, corresponding viewpoints and measures were raised. In the system engineering design and construction of wetlands, the design and parameters of overall engineering should be commensurate with the sewage type, pollution extent and quality requirements of effluent water. The purified water can be used to urban waterscape, ecological or industrial aquiculture. Deep purification and corresponding facilities and equipments for aquiculture are still needed. The function of artificial wetlands on sewage purification embodies the adsorption and filtration of substrate, the absorption, fixation, transformation and metabolism of plants, and the decomposition and utilization of microbes. The selection of substrates and plants and their structural formulation have significant influences on microbial reproduction, stable running of the wetland bed and purification quality. The pretreatment process directly affects sewage treatment load, clogging formation and service life, and is an important link which cannot be ignored in the construction of the wetland system. The clogging in artificial wetlands is mainly related to pretreatment technique, substrate selection and structure, hydraulic load etc. For avoiding clogging, scientific design and operation of these related links should be emphasized. For wintering in northern China, heat preservation and selecting perennial hydrophytes and phreatophytes are needed. These viewpoints and measures can provide theoretical and practical bases for scientific constructing and running of artificial wetlands, improving sewage processing efficiency, optimizing environmental quality, and promoting sustainable development of economy and society.
出处
《生态环境学报》
CSCD
北大核心
2012年第12期2042-2049,共8页
Ecology and Environmental Sciences
基金
山西省科技攻关项目(20090311076-1)
山西省高校科技研究开发项目(200811009)
关键词
人工湿地
构建
机理
预处理
堵塞
冬季运行
artificial wetlands
construction
mechanism
pretreatment
clogging
running in winter
