摘要
学者从矫正正义视角作出的研究只能部分解释实践中环境管制标准在侵权法上的效力。以风险控制为视角,环境管制与侵权责任均可视为风险控制的工具,它们分别在不同方面具有各自的功能优势。为充分利用二者的双边优势,环境管制与侵权责任应当保持制度上的合作。当环境管制标准能够达到社会最优标准时,侵权责任将作为"查漏机制"弥补环境管制标准的执行不足。这要求法院充分尊重管制标准,并承认合规抗辩的效力。当环境管制只能设定最低限度的"门槛性"标准时,侵权责任将作为"补缺机制"弥补管制标准的设计不足,法院因此要为排污企业"量身定做"最佳的行为谨慎标准,并在必要时否认合规抗辩的效力。由此形成的制度合作框架从根本上解决了环境管制标准的侵权法效力问题,并能够对相关法律现象作出全面解释。
The existing the phenomena about the explanations from the perspective of corrective justice can only cover part of legal effect of environmental regulative standard on tort law in the judicial practice. If we change the angle of view, tort law liability as well as environmental regulation can be regarded as regulatory tools from the perspective of risk control. Both of the regulatory tools have their own functional advantages which can be named of bilateral advantages in different aspects of risk con- trol. In order to take full advantage of the bilateral advantages of environmental regulation and tort law liability, the two kinds of regulatory tools need to keep institutional cooperation as follows. In the first case, tort law liability can be used to remedy the deficiency of insufficient implemen- tation of environmental regulatory standard when the regulatory standard can achieve the social optimal behavior standard of care. In this situation, the judges need to fully respect the environmental regula- tory standard and accept the defense of regulatory compliance in the judicial practice. In the second case, tort law liability can be used to remedy the design defects of environmental regulatory standard when the environment regulatory agencies can only set the minimum ＂threshold＂ regulatory standard. In this situation, the judges need to ＂tailor＂ the optimal behavior standard of care for polluters and reject the defense of regulatory compliance according to the optimal care standard case by case. This institutional cooperative framework can provide a systemic explanation for all sorts of legal phenomena related to defense of regulatory compliance in the judicial practice.
出处
《法学研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第3期37-53,共17页
Chinese Journal of Law
关键词
环境管制
管制标准
侵权责任
合规抗辩
environmental regulation
regulative standard
tort law liability
defense of regulatory compliance
