摘要
苹果是重要的经济作物,2012年中国的栽培面积已超过200万hm2。在苹果的高产优质栽培中,病害成为制约产业发展的重要因子。腐烂病仍是苹果树上的第一大病害,目前正面临第5次大流行的威胁;苹果实施套袋栽培措施后,枝干轮纹病逐年加重,在环渤海湾和黄河故道苹果产区部分果园的危害已超过腐烂病;褐斑病在西北黄土高原苹果产区每年都造成严重落叶;随着城市和道路的绿化,苹果锈病的危害逐年加重,成为部分果园每年必防的病害;病毒病有进一步扩展蔓延的趋势,正严重威胁着新建果园;"黑点病"是自苹果套袋后新出现的一种病害,每年造成的产量损失约为5%～30%;炭疽叶枯病是2011年在我国新发现病害,正威胁着‘嘎啦’、‘金冠’、‘秦冠’等品种的栽培;苹果疫腐病、炭疽病、霉心病、斑点落叶病、白粉病、褐腐病等病害偶有暴发,生产中不可忽视。本文从病害管理角度出发,回顾了近年来,尤其是成立农业产业体系以后,苹果病害研究方面的进展,分析了病害管理中存在的问题,以促苹果病害管理水平的提高。
Apple is an important cash crop.In 2012,China＇s cultivation area has exceeded 2.0million hectares.In the high-yield and high-quality production of apple fruits,diseases are important factors restricting the development of industry.Valsa canker is still the first major disease on apple tree,and apple trees are now facing the 5th epidemic threat.Ring rot of branch increases year by year after the implementation of fruit bagging in apple cultivation,and the damage caused by the disease has exceeded that by Valsa canker in some orchards in old course of the Yellow River and around Bohai bay apple production area.Leaf brown spot is still causing serious defoliation on apple tree in the northwest loess plateau apple-producing area every year.With the greenizing of cities and roads,damage caused by rust increases year after year,which has become a disease requiring control each year in some orchards.Virus,with a trend of further expansion,is seriously threatening the newly built orchards.Black spot of bagged fruits is a new disease emerging from fruit bagging,causing approximately 5%-30% production loss every year.Glomerella leaf spot is a newly discovered disease,which is threatening the cultivation of‘Gala＇,‘Golden Delicious＇,‘Qinguan＇and other varieties.Phytophthora rot,bitter rot,fruit mouldy core rot,alternaria leaf spot,powder mildew and monilinia rot occasionally break out and cannot be ignored in the apple production.This paper,from the perspective of disease management,reviewed the advances in the research of apple diseases in recent years,especially after the establishment of China Agricultural Research System,and analyzed the problems existing in disease management.
出处
《植物保护》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2013年第5期46-54,共9页
Plant Protection
基金
现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-28)
"973"计划前期研究专项(2012CB126302)
山东省泰山学者建设工程
关键词
苹果病害
病原
侵染
流行
病害预测
病害管理
apple disease
pathogen
infection
epidemics
disease forecast
disease management
