摘要
随着现代农业的飞速发展,农药的应用越来越广泛。而目前草甘膦是使用最广泛、用量最大的除草剂种类之一,其在环境中的大量残留给环境带来了巨大潜在风险。介绍了草甘膦对靶标生物(植物)的制毒机理和非靶标生物(如:水生生物、两栖类动物、土壤生物和哺乳动物)的生态毒性,总结了草甘膦在群落、个体、细胞和分子水平上的生态毒性。综合国内外最新的研究表明:草甘膦制剂具有低毒性,且毒性要远远高于草甘膦酸的毒性,农药草甘膦制剂对非光合生物产生毒性的原因主要是由于表面活性剂的存在。而大多研究都表明,不同的草甘膦制剂及其组成成分毒性强弱为表面活性剂>草甘膦制剂>草甘膦酸>草甘膦异丙胺盐,而草甘膦酸产生的毒性原因主要和其产生的酸性物质有关,并认为在当前的使用品种和剂量的状况下,草甘膦对人类的危害风险是很低的。最后,分析了草甘膦在土壤中与无机重金属共存的的生态毒性研究现状,认为由于草甘膦分子结构中含有磷酸基、羧基、氨基等配位基团,能够与土壤或水体中金属离子发生络合反应,使得重金属在一定程度上能够降低草甘膦的除草效率,草甘膦一定程度上也能够降低重金属对生物的毒性和有效性,此外对今后的研究重点进行了展望。
It has been widely recognized that pesticides represent a potential threat in aquatic and soil ecosystems. Glyphosate is a kind of antibiotics which has been extensively used in most countries. Its residues in environment bring to a potential hazard. However, the knowledge on the toxicity of pesticides to organism is still limited. The present work attempts to provide a summary of the utility and the environmental health problems of glyphosate applications. It comes in a number of chemical forms but most of the formulated products contain the isopropylamine salt. The toxicity of glyphosate is influenced by the surfactant in the product. In this review, the ecotoxicity of glyphosate on plants, aquatic organism amphibian, soil animal and mammal were discussed respectively combined with the latest research findings and the ecotoxicity at community level, individual level, cellular level and molecular level were summarized. This paper presented a comprehensive and critical review on glyphosate, we get the conclusion that, the toxic of commercial product of glyphosate is much stronger than the glyphosate acid, because the former contained surfactants. Generally, the toxicity order of the chemicals was：Surfactant〉Roundup〉Glyphosate acid〉IPA salt, while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity. This paper also pointed out that the interactions of metal and glyphosate and their influence to organism. Interestingly, they can interact with each other, because its functional groups such as amine, carboxylate and phosphonate can react with metal ions to form metal complexes. As a result, metal can decrease the weeding efficiency of glyphosate, also, glyphosate can typically decrease the heavy metal bioavailability. Finally, under the intended conditions of herbicide use, glyphosate risks to subpopulations other than those considered here would be significantly lower. It is concluded that, under present and expected conditions of new use, there is no potential for glyphosate to pose a health risk to humans.
出处
《生态环境学报》
CSCD
北大核心
2013年第10期1737-1743,共7页
Ecology and Environmental Sciences
基金
江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目(CXZZ11-0541)
江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)
