摘要
《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公正及公平分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》(简称《名古屋议定书》)于2014年10月正式生效.而在此之前,中国民间已存在初步的获取与惠益分享(Access and Benefit-sharing, ABS)实践.本文以贵州省三都县水族马尾绣、云南省贡山县畜禽遗传资源和贵州省黎平县香禾糯3个民间实践为例,总结和分析了中国民族地区民间ABS的现状、内容和机制特点.结果表明:(1)水族马尾绣的惠益分享机制建设尚处于萌芽状态,惠益分享模式仍然十分模糊,缺乏惠益分享的基本原则和程序等;(2)贡山县畜禽遗传资源惠益分享制度建设处于起始阶段,建立了清晰的惠益分享模式并签订了合同,体现了一定的惠益分享理念;(3)黎平香禾糯惠益分享制度已经初步建立并取得成效,持有方—地方社区、使用方—企业、监管方—政府部门三方权责明确,各方基本利益得到维护.分析认为:(1)ABS利益相关方—持有方、使用方、监管方—的意识提高和能力建设对于ABS实践成败具有关键性作用;(2)监管方在ABS制度建设过程中发挥着决定性作用;(3)惠益分享模式设计合理是建立和完善ABS制度的基本保障.上述ABS民间实践与真正意义上的ABS制度尚有很大差距,需要进一步探索,但这些民间经验和民族智慧能够为建立遗传资源及相关传统知识获取与惠益分享国家制度提供参考借鉴.
The main objective of Convention on Biological Diversity and Nagoya Protocol is to build a Access and Benefit Sharing(ABS) international regime on genetic resources and traditional knowledge. There are a lot of civilian ABS practices in Chinese ethnic regions. We selected and analyzed 3 civilian ABS practices as follow: the Horsetail-based Embroidery of Shui People in Sandu County, Guizhou Province, animal genetic resources in Gongshan County, Yunnan Province, and Kam Sweet Rice in Liping County, Guizhou Province. It indicates:(1) the ABS system on the Horsetail-based Embroidery is still in its infancy and lacks the basic principle and procedure of ABS;(2) the ABS system on the animal genetic resources in Gongshan County is in the initial phase with a clear ABS model and a valid contract, which reflect some of the awareness on ABS;(3) the ABS system on Kam Sweet Rice has been built and is demonstrated an efficient model, which has defined the rights and liabilities empowered to holders, users and supervises, and safeguarded the interests of above 3 stakeholders. We can draw the conclusions as follow:(1) awareness enhancing and capacity building of all 3 stakeholders has a decisive role in the civilian ABS practices;(2) the supervisors, generally refering to the local government, is the key factor in the process of ABS system constraction;(3) the fundamental guarantee to build a efficient ABS system lies in the clearly defined the rights and liabilities to 3 stakeholdors and a proper design on ABS model. Although there are a huge gap between the civilian ABS practices and the offical ABS system, we need to support the civilian ABS practices and can gain the folk experiences and national wisdoms for protecting on the genetic resources and traditional knowledge in Chiness ethnic regions and promoting the constraction of ABS system at the national level.
作者
杨京彪
朴金丽
薛达元
YANG Jing-biao;PIAO Jin-li;XUE Da-yuan(College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081,China)
出处
《中央民族大学学报（自然科学版）》
2018年第4期5-13,共9页
Journal of Minzu University of China(Natural Sciences Edition)
基金
中央民族大学生态学一流学科建设项目(No.Yldxxk201819)
关键词
遗传资源
获取与惠益分享
黎平香禾糯
水族马尾绣
贡山县
genetic resources
Access and Benefit Sharing
Kam Sweet Rice
horsetail-based em- broidery
Dulong cattle
