摘要
气候变化影响着农作物的生长。文章通过对比济南大辛庄遗址中、晚商时期的植物遗存和济南刘家庄遗址商末周初的植物遗存,发现两个遗址主要农作物均包括粟(Setaria italica (L.)Beauv.)、黍(Panicum miliaceum L.)、大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)和小麦(Ttiticum aestivum L.),大辛庄遗址水稻(Oryza sativa L.)绝对数量较多,但刘家庄遗址未发现水稻。综合本地区其他遗址的植物考古研究结果,可以发现山东地区岳石文化时期、商代水稻仍是主要粮食作物之一,但到商末周初水稻数量急剧减少。同时,邻近的中原地区和关中地区,多处商周时期遗址水稻种植也普遍出现萎缩。多项地质记录表明,商末(3000 a B.P.前后)东亚夏季风快速减弱,降水量显著下降。山东地区受东亚季风影响,这一时期降水量减少,难以保证稻作农业所需的持续充足的水源,从而影响到水稻产量和种植规模。因此,商末气候变化很可能是刘家庄遗址商末周初水稻缺失以及山东地区商末周初水稻数量骤降的主要原因之一,也同时影响到整个黄河中下游这一时期的稻作农业。
The Daxinzhuang(36°42'41.85"N, 117°06'13.94"E) and Liujiazhuang(36°41'15.5"N, 116°59'58.8"E) sites are located in Jinan City in Shandong Province. Archaeologists have excavated the two sites during 2010. A total of 166 soil samples of Daxinzhuang site were collected mostly from ash pits and layers dated to the Middle and Late Shang periods. Through detailed identification, a total of 24715 plant remains, including plant seeds, fruits and tubers, have been discovered, in which the plant seeds include 17377 crops and 7270 weeds. At Liujiazhuang site, a total of 8544 plant seeds, fruits and tubers, of which 5131 crops and 3360 weeds, have been identified in 128 flotation samples, which were mostly excavated from Late-Shang to Early-Zhou ash pits. Based on the archaeobotanical evidence, the crops in the two sites include foxtail millet(Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.), broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum L.), soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.), and wheat(Ttiticum aestivum L.). A relatively large quantity of rice(Oryza sativa L.) was discovered at Daxinzhuang site, but no rice seed has been found at Liujiazhuang site. By integrating the findings of plant remains from other sites in this region, it can be reflected that the status of rice cultivation declined during the Late Shang and Early Zhou periods, although rice was one of the main crops during the Yueshi and Shang periods. This trend can also be observed in the Guanzhong Basin and the Central Plains. Multiple geologic records show that the East Asian summer monsoon weakened rapidly around 3000 a B.P., resulting in the decrease of precipitation in the Shandong region during the end of Shang period. The decrease of precipitation probably could not guarantee the needs of water for local rice agriculture, leading to the decline of rice yields. Hence, the climate change at the end of the Shang period was the main reason for the absence of rice in Liujiazhuang site and decline in quantity of rice in Shandong during the Late Shang and Early Zhou periods. And it was likely to influence the shrink of rice agriculture in the middle and lower Yellow River area during the Late Shang and Early Zhou periods.
作者
宫玮
方辉
郭俊峰
陈雪香
Gong Wei;Fang Hui;Guo Junfeng;Chen Xuexiang(State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology,Institute of Earth Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi;Xi'an AMS Center and Province Key Laboratory,Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi;Institute of Cultural Heritage,Shandong University,Jinan 250100,Shandong;Jinan Municipal Institute of Archaeology,Jinan 250062,Shandong)
出处
《第四纪研究》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第1期170-182,共13页
Quaternary Sciences
基金
国家社科重大项目“济南大辛庄遗址考古发掘及综合研究报告”(批准号:14ZDB056)
国家社科基金一般项目“海岱地区商周农业的考古学研究”(批准号:14BKG009)共同资助.
关键词
大辛庄遗址
刘家庄遗址
商末
气候变化
稻作农业
Daxinzhuang site
Liujiazhuang site
the end of the Shang period
climate change
rice agriculture
