摘要
正断层在中国大陆地区广泛存在。由于地表破裂个性的存在和堆积环境的不同,要揭露真实、完整的古地震活动历史,一些问题需要认真关注和讨论。从正断层大地震地表破裂特征、一般识别标志,结合中国正断层古地震研究的案例和地质地貌、气候环境可能造成的影响,提出在中国开展正断层古地震研究,需注意的技术要点:1)因地制宜地选择探槽开挖位置。宜选择断层错动面简单、单次位移量不太大、外力的侵蚀与堆积作用相对平衡、堆积物粒度中细、能取到测年样品的地段开挖探槽;应尽量避免在断错地层以黄土、次生黄土或块状亚砂土等为主的地区,若避不开这类地点,可考虑小冲沟附近,有少量上游不同成分堆积物的地点开挖探槽。2)精细的探槽记录与分析。对于黄土等块状堆积,要特别注意颜色、粒度、排列方向的细微变化可能暗示着接触界线;识别崩积楔等的要素是崩塌相中杂乱结构和团块状物质,冲刷相上部发育的土壤层;对于坎前堆积物主要为黄土或次生黄土等不易分辨的物质时,细致辨别堆积单元的颜色、粒度、非黄土类物质和钙富集程度等。3)综合的识别技术与检验方法。"逐次限定"方法、"位移量限定法"和"多探槽校验法",断错事件的重建等,有助于判断所确定的古地震是否真实和完整。
Normal faults, developed within extensional environment, are widely found in North China. Given the varieties in surface ruptures of different earthquakes and their depositional environment, some issues are needed to be paid much attention to in exposing the actual and complete history of paleoseismic events occurring along normal fauhs. In this paper, based on the existing knowledge about surface rupture characteristics of large earthquakes and indicators of normal fault, combining the cases study in China and the factors of geological, geomorphologic and climatic environment, some key techniques and methods in paleoseismic study on normal faults in China's Mainland are recommended as follows ： （ 1 ） Choosing appropriate trenching sites according to local conditions. In the area where the faulted surface deposits are mainly alluvial-fluvial materials of piedmont or river and lake sediments, the trenching sites should try to meet following conditions： the geomorphy can reveal multiple fault events with not too large single displacement, the erosion （or denudation）of external force and the accumulation processes maintain relative balance, the sediments are medium-fine grained, and the samples for dating are easy to be collected. The sites where the faulted sediments are mainly composed of loess or secondary loess or sandy loam should be avoided to excavate trenches for paleoseismic study, however, if it cannot be avoided, the areas with weaker erosion and accumulation near small gullies are the choices to be considered, because these areas may have different deposits from upstream of the gullies, and some supplemental information such as tectonic landform are needed to substantiate the paleoseismic analysis. （2）Recording and analyzing the trench profiles in detail in the field. For the deposits （e.g. loess）with no stratification, the key observation point is the slight change in the color, grain and orientation, which may indicate the stratigraphic boundary. Indicating the scarp-derived deposits units such as colluvial wedge is the key to analyzing paleoseismic events, and the indicated elements conclude the messy configuration and nodules in the collapse facies, and the soil developed in the upper of the erosion facies. When the scarp-derived deposits are difficult to distinguish from normal strata, we should, by ＂brushing＂, ＂jabbing＂ or ＂microscopic analysis＂, try to analyze the color, grain, non-loess materials （e. g. small gravel, plant roots, etc.）and the enrichment degree of calcareous materials（e.g, calcium-mod, calcium-nodule, calcium-dot, calcium- filament, etc.）, to identify the stratigraphic boundary. （ 3 ） Synthetically analyzing and checking the paleoseismic results combining other information. The appearances of the scarp-derived deposits revealed by trench are often obscure, so supplemental information from geomorphology and multiple trenches are necessary. Some techniques and methods, such as progressive constraining method of paleoseismic events, fault displacement constraining method, correlating method between multiple trenches, inversion and reconstruction of fault events, etc., are helpful for judging whether the paleoseismic results are actual and complete.
出处
《地震地质》
EI
CSCD
北大核心
2014年第2期287-301,共15页
Seismology and Geology
基金
"十二五"国家科技支撑计划课题(2012BAK15B01)"特大地震危险区识别及危险性评价方法研究"共同资助
关键词
正断层
环境影响
古地震识别
关键技术
normal fault, environment impact, paleoseismic identification, key techniques
