摘要
近年来我国开展了大型真菌多样性及保育的研究报道。山东省为经济真菌资源大省,但是对于大型真菌濒危物种评价与保育研究的研究未见报道。通过野外调查、市场调查、民间调查及查阅相关文献,山东省共发现大型真菌64科166属435种(包括种下等级),其中野生食药用真菌182种,隶属于39科,80属,其中食用菌123种,占总种数的28.28%,药用菌90种,占总种数的20.69%,其中野生贸易真菌有60种,占总种数的13.79%,占食用菌总数的48.78%,如:白林地蘑菇Agaricus silvicola、林地蘑菇Agaricus silvaticus、灵芝Ganoderma lingzhi、灰树花Grifola frondosa、松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus、亚绒白乳菇Lactarius subvellereus、多脂鳞伞Pholiota adiposa、白蜡多年卧孔菌Perenniporia fraxinea、裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune、黏盖乳牛肝菌Suillus bovinus、点柄乳牛肝菌Suillus granulatus、红绒盖牛肝菌Xerocomellus chrysenteron、长根干蘑Xerula radicata等。在查阅文献的基础上,同时结合大型真菌的生物学、生态学特性,建立了山东省大型真菌物种濒危评价和优先保育评估体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)和专家咨询相结合的方法确定个评价层次的目标权重。对分布在该地区的175种物种的濒危程度和优先保育物种进行了评价,最终获得了山东省大型真菌珍稀物种的濒危等级(V1≥0.650,濒危种;0.650≥V1≥0.550,为脆危种;0.550≥V1≥0.440,敏感种;0.440≥V1,安全种)和优先保护级别评价标准(V1≥1.900,一级保护;1.900≥V1≥1.700,二级保护;1.700≥V1≥1.600,三级保护;1.600≥V1暂缓保护),结果发现该地有濒危种4种,占该区大型真菌总种数的0.92%,灵芝Ganoderma lingzhi、松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus、橙黄红菇Russula aurea、羊肚菌Morchella esculenta;脆危种34种,占该区大型真菌总种数的7.82%;敏感种74种,种该区大型真菌总数的17.01%;安全种63种,占该区大型真菌总数的14.48%。一级保护物种有7种,占该区总种数的1.61%,其中灵芝Ganoderma lingzhi、松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus、羊肚菌Morchella esculenta、橙黄红菇Russula aurea等4个种是人们十分喜爱的食药用菌,其中松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus、橙黄红菇Russula aurea、是外生菌根菌,尚不能够人工栽培;淡玫瑰红鹅膏Amanita pallidorosea、淡紫鸡油菌Cantharellus amethysteu、中国十字孢Crucispora sinensis、山东粉褶菌Entoloma shandongense是中国特有种和该地区特有种;二级保护物种有25种,占该区大型真菌总种数的5.75%;三级保护物种有33种,占该区大型真菌物种总种数的7.59%;暂缓保护物种有110种,占该区大型真菌总种数的25.29%。通过此项研究了解了该地区大型真菌物种的生存状态,对大型真菌资源的有效保护提供了科学依据。
In recent years, various research studies have reported on the diversity of macrofungi and endangered species conservation for fungi for various regions of China. Shandong Province is a leading province for economically valuable fungal resources, but little published research is available related to the evaluation and conservation to endangered species and other rare species of macrofungi. Field surveys, commercial field surveys, government investigations and a thorough review of the literature revealed a total of 182 taxa of wild edible and medicinal fungi are known to occur or have historically occurred in Shandong Province belonging to 39 families and 80 genera. Among these, 123 species are edible fungi and 90 species can be used medicinally, including 28.28% and 20.69% of the total number of species, respectively; only 60 species, or 13.79%, have been documented to have been used commercially. The edible fungi include species such as Agaricus silvaticus, Agaricus silvicola, Ganoderma lingzhi, Grifola frondosa, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius subvellereus, Perenniporia fraxinea, Pholiota adiposa, Schizophyllum commune, Suillus bovinus, Suillus granulatus, Xerocomellus chrysenteron and Xerula radicata. An evaluation system for endangered species status and conservation priority of the 182 macrofungi taxa was established based on their biological and ecological characteristics and by consulting related literature. The goal weights of each layer were determined through the Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） and expert consultation. Using this system, the status and the conservation priority of 175 species was evaluated; then the endangered species status and conservation priority standards were determined based on the following system： V1≥0.650, endangered species; 0.650≥V1≥0.550, vulnerable species; 0.550≥V1≥0.440, lower risk species; 0.440≥V1, safety species; V1≥1.900, the first class conservation species; 1.900≥V1≥1.700, the second class conservation species; 1.700≥V1≥1.600, the third class conservation species; and, last, 1.600≥V1, the delayed class conservation species. Four （0.92% of all species） of the analyzed species were classified as endangered species, Ganoderma lingzhi, Lactarius deliciosus, Morchella esculenta and Russula aurea; 34, （7.82%）, 74 （17.01%）, 63 （14.48%）, and seven （1.61%） species were vulnerable, lower risk, secure, and first class conservation species, respectively. Four of the 175 species, Ganoderma lingzhi, Lactarius deliciosus, Morchella esculenta and Russula aurea, are the favorite edible-medicinal fungi of local people and can frequently be seen in the marketplace. Lactarius deliciosus and Russula aurea are ectotrophic mycorrhiza and researchers have not yet been able to bring them into cultivation. Amanita pallidorosea, Cantharellus amethysteus, Crucispora sinensis and Entoloma shandongense are endemic to China and also to this region. In addition, 25 （5.75%）, 33 （7.59%）, and 110 （25.29%） of the 175 species were second class conservation, third class conservation, and delayed conservation, respectively. This study provides a scientific basis for efficient conservation of macrofungi in Shandong Province.
出处
《生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第3期837-848,共12页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
"泰山学者"建设工程专项
山东省高等学校科技计划项目(J10LC04)
山东省科技发展计划项目(2011GSF12012)
关键词
大型真菌
濒危等级
优先保护
评价体系
macrofungi
endangered grade
conservation priority
evaluation system
