摘要
环境温度的变化直接影响蜜蜂的个体发育、群体活动、蜂群繁殖、群势强弱等方面,蜂群温湿度是对蜜蜂生命活动影响最大的环境因素,蜜蜂会积极地响应环境温度变化。在巢群内温度高于或低于子脾要求温度,蜜蜂就会采取各种解决办法。研究蜂群温度的分布、变化规律以及调控机制是当前蜂学领域的热点问题,而掌握了蜂群温度变化规律,也能更好的进行科学养蜂,提高蜂产品的产量和质量,同时对人类认知、环境保护也具有非常重要的借鉴价值。近年来随着基因组学、生物学、高新科学技术等的应用,蜜蜂温湿度调节的研究不断深入。整合当前国内外蜜蜂蜂群温湿度调节的研究报道,对蜜蜂蜂群温湿度调节现象和行为进行综合阐述,并对蜂群温湿度内在调控机理方面的进一步研究提出新思路。
A honey bee colony displays various characteristics in different periods of the year depending on environmental factors. Temperature and humidity within the hive are important for all bees. Adult honey bees can tolerate a considerable range of temperatures, while the survival and normal growth of the brood depends upon brood nest temperature being maintained within a range of about 32--37℃. Temperature regulation is accomplished through the efforts of the adult bees who hold central brood nest temperature between about 34℃ and 36℃. When the temperature falls below 14℃, the honey bees start staying in the hive and forming a ball （winter cluster） ; when the temperature falls below 6℃, the hive has the appearance of an exact ball. It is known that each bee can produce heat of 0.1 calorie per minute at 10℃. During the summer months, honey bees stop whatever they are doing and attempt to cool the hives because of the hot weather. In addition, when there is an excessive amount of humidity within the hive, it can lead to diseases such as septicemia and this in turn causes colony losses. Honey bees showed a high level of organization, and would take action to keep the hive in optimum condition. This unusual phenomenon drew a great deal of interest and research from scholars in the field of honey bees, making hive temperature a hot issue in honey bee research. Bees are a peculiar species formed from a hundred million years of natural selection and evolution. They can construct the strongest hive for the largest honey storage using the least amount of material using the well acknowledged hexagon honeycomb design. Likewise, in their natural state, bees only need to consume a small amount of honey （i.e., energy） and can keep a stable and constant temperature in the hive, showing excellent energy-saving optimization ability. The hive temperature regulation mechanism can be imitated, and we can draw lessons from this kind of energy saving optimization method to design and manufacture new air conditioning energy saving systems, and apply it in greenhouses, gymnasiums and other high energy consumption facilities. In the first section of this paper, honey bees and their biological characteristics of hive thermoregulation were summarized. In the second part, hive humidity regulation was examined. In the third part, current research about hive temperature and humidity regulation, at home and abroad, were integrated. The current results of the study only showed the function of temperature and humidity regulation and that different ages of worker bees and different kinds of bees behaved differently. However, the age of the queen and drones＇ impact on the nest temperature and humidity change and changes in regulation of individual bees nest temperature during energy metabolism and longevity are not shown. Lastly, we put forward new ideas for the internal regulation mechanism of hive temperature and humidity for future study. Further research is needed, particularly on the intrinsic link between individuals and groups in the form / structure in terms of the thermostat mechanism.
出处
《生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第10期3172-3179,共8页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(31272511)
国家蜂产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-45-KXJ9)
关键词
蜜蜂
蜂群
温度
湿度
调节
honeybee
hive
temperature
humidity
regulation
