摘要
寄生蜂是蜘蛛的主要天敌类群之一,但寄生于漏斗蛛的寄生蜂种类较少,且缺乏相关寄生蜂的详细研究报道。我们研究了皱胸尖裂姬蜂(Oxyrrhexis rugosus)对机敏异漏斗蛛(Allagelena difficilis)的拟寄生,旨在揭示蜘蛛寄生蜂的拟寄生行为及其发育特征。显微镜下观察了12头机敏异漏斗蛛头胸部背面的皱胸尖裂姬蜂卵,并以均值法统计了皱胸尖裂姬蜂各发育阶段的历期,进一步观察了皱胸尖裂姬蜂寄生机敏异漏斗蛛后对寄主的影响。交配后的雌性皱胸尖裂姬蜂经过寻找、降落、蛰刺蛛体后伺机将卵产在机敏异漏斗蛛的头胸部背面后部;孵化后的皱胸尖裂姬蜂幼虫头部形成一个特殊摄食导管,通过摄食导管获取蛛体的营养;幼虫随着龄期增长,体色由浅变深,历期约10 d;幼虫老熟后在蛛网的漏斗状管道内结茧化蛹,蛹期约为12 d;成体雌、雄蜂寿命约为11 d,皱胸尖裂姬蜂的平均生活史周期约为33 d。皱胸尖裂姬蜂寄生后对寄主蜘蛛的行为和生活状态造成了严重的影响,随着幼虫龄期增长被寄生机敏异漏斗蛛不再进食、蜕皮,活动减少,蛛体逐渐萎缩,直至老熟幼虫离开蛛体时,蜘蛛死亡。该研究不仅增加了漏斗蛛寄生性天敌的已知种类,而且初步了解了以漏斗蛛为寄主的姬蜂的产卵行为、后代的发育特征以及对寄主蜘蛛的影响,这将为研究蜘蛛寄生蜂及其与寄主蜘蛛之间的化学通讯和协同进化提供重要的基础资料。
Parasitoid wasps are one of the main natural enemy groups of the spiders. However, the parasitoid wasps of funnel-web spiders are known little so far. The parasitoidism of the ichneumon Oxyrrhexis rugosus on the funnel-web spider Allagelena difficilis were studied here in order to reveal the parasitoid behavior and developmental characteristics of the parasitoid. Twelve eggs of O. rugosus on A. difficilis were observed under the stereo microscope. Developmental periods of the ichneumons and their effects on host spiders was recorded and analyzed. Our results showed that mated females of O. rugosus struggled to lay an egg on the posterior surface of the cephalothorax of A. difficilis after searching, landing and stinging the spider（Fig. 2a, b）. The ichneumon larvae consumed nutrition from the host spiders by a particular sucking tube piercing into the spider body（Fig. 2b ﹣ e, 3a）. Body color of the larvae turned from light to dark during their developmental duration, which was about 10 days（Fig. 2c﹣f）. At the end of the 3rd instar, the larvae left the spider bodies and spun a cocoon in the tunnel of the spider funnel-web（Fig. 2g）. Pupation took place in the cocoon and the adult emerged from the pupa in about 12 days（Fig. 4b﹣e）. The adult females and males lived about 11 days. Life cycle of the ichneumon was around 33 d. Behavior and living of the host spiders were severely affected with the development of the parasitoid O. rugosus on their bodies. After the ichneumonid larvae hatching, the host spiders didn＇t prey and molt anymore and became thinner and less active. The host spiders died after the larvae left their bodies（Fig. 3a﹣c）. This study reported a parasitoid natural enemy of the funnel-web spider and explored detail information about the parasitoid and the host, such as oviposition behavior and developmental characters of the ichneumonid O. rugosus, and the effect of parasitoid on the spider A. difficilis. It may benefit further studies on chemical communication and coevolution between the parasitoids and the host spiders.
出处
《动物学杂志》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第6期931-939,共9页
Chinese Journal of Zoology
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(No.31060282
31560592)
江西省自然科学基金项目(No.20151BAB204015)
井冈山大学自然科学基金项目(No.JZ1302)
井冈山大学生命科学学院院级大学生创新创业计划项目
