摘要
作为社会共同体的清代中国所面对的世界形势,比明代中国所面临的更为复杂。清前期中国对外关系的基本格局问题,虽经学术界长期讨论,尚多分歧。通过对曾被视为清代中国封闭性突出表征的若干历史节点进行分析,作者指出,清初海禁、迁海政策是以军事战略为主要出发点的政策,非以遏止对外贸易为目的,且不持久,并不能表示清朝前期以"闭关锁国"为国策;康熙开海之后约一个半世纪间,中国海外贸易的活跃程度和规范化程度都超过了明代的水平,是中国对外贸易的一个发展期。清朝将朝贡与贸易视为两事,各有规则,且不接受自由贸易原则,这与其对当时欧洲商业扩张与殖民扩张并同推进策略的警觉密切相关;所谓"一口通商"是夸张说法,当时其他海关依然运行。英使马戛尔尼来华受挫的关键不是礼仪争端,而是清朝没有满足英使带有在华殖民企图的诉求,其后中欧贸易也并没有停止。清朝政府对中外贸易积极干预,其中兼含限制、规范、鼓励举措。就主流而言,清前期中国对外关系的基本格局不是闭关锁国,也不是全面开放,而是有限制的开放。
The world situation was more complicated in the Qing dynasty than in the Ming dynasty.The disputes regarding the Sino-foreign relations in the early Qing period remain among the scholars.Analyzing from a different perspective the historical stages that used to be considered to witness the Qing Empire to be self-isolated from the outside world,this essay views it improper that the shortterm imperial order that the local people migrate inland away from the coastal areas is thought of as the closed- door policy of the Qing dynasty becaues it was carried out for the sake of military defense rather than prohibition of sea trade.For one and a half centuries after Kangxi's((康熙) open policy,Sino-foreign trade and business of the Qing dynasty was developing more active and standardized than that of the Ming period.The Qing dynasty dealt with tribute and trade in different ways and rejected free trade to guard against the commercial and colonial expansion from Europe.It was true that at that time more than one port were in operation,but by no means so called 'one port trade'.It was not the etiquette dispute but the Qing government's refusing their demand which would make Qing Empire colonized that made the Britain ambassador frustrated,but which did not stop Sino-Europe trade going on later.Judging from the main trend of history development,the Qing relations with the foreign countries was limited open,neither closed tightly nor open completely in spite of many regulations that restricted,specified or encouraged the foreign trade.
出处
《故宫博物院院刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2015年第6期99-115,159-160,共17页
Palace Museum Journal
基金
国家社会科基金项目<十五至十九世纪世界变迁中的中国社会发展模式研究>(09BZS004)成果之一
关键词
清代
闭关锁国
贸易
有限开放
the Qing dynasty
self-isolated from outside world
trade and business
limited open
