摘要
当前的进化心理学热衷于人格共同性的探讨,而忽视人格差异性研究。共同性和差异性作为人格必不可分的两面,应该受到同等关注。已有三个较为成熟的解释人格差异性的进化理论值得推介和深入研究,它们是生活历史理论、基因多样性理论和代价信号理论。生活历史理论认为是不同的环境(稳定和不稳定)造成了不同的生活历史策略(K策略和R策略),人格差异性是这些策略的进化产物。基因多样性理论主要从基因突变和平衡选择的角度来解释人格差异性,前者强调突变基因的不可避免性引发了个性差异的存在,后者强调概率的调节作用,解释了不同人格特质之所以能够并行存在的原因。代价信号理论则认为是个体拥有的先天禀赋或者资源差距导致其传递信号的能力差异,从而选择了不同的行为策略。
Personality represents a meta-eategory of the output of a suite of species-typical, relatively domain-specific, evolved psychological mechanisms designed in response to the social adaptive problems faced by our ancestors from an evolutionary perspective. This conceptualization of human personality provides novel and valuable reinterpretations of several areas of personality psychology, including personality consistency, individual differences, sex differences and similarities, and contextual determinants of personality. The personality commonality has always been discussed in evolutionary psychology, but some researchers hold that the differences of personality also need to be focused on because commonality and differences are two inseparable sides of personality. The founder of personality psychology, Allport, has put forward common traits and personal traits for a very long time, underlying the dual nature of personality： the commonality and diversity. He paid much attention to the difference between personal traits and personality diversity on the basis of distinguishing personality traits into cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits. On the other hand, early evolutionary psychologists focused on the common personality traits which they believed to be the major products or byproducts of the evolutionary process. However, more and more evidence from evolutionary psychology research suggests that the diversity of personality is not supplementary, but the necessary. Hencethe theories to explain personality differences.
The evolutionary explanations of personality differences can be divided into three categories： Life-history Theory, Genetic Diversity Theory and Costly Signaling Theory. Life-history Theory considers that personality differences are the product of the evolution of different life and history strategies （strategy K and strategy R） resulted from different environments （stable and unstable）. Genetic Diversity Theory explains the personality differences from the perspective of gene mutation and balancing selection. The former emphasizes on the ＂contending and confrontation＂ between genetic mutation and natural selection, and the remaining genetic mutation provides the basis of personality differences. The latter contains two kind of mechanisms, Frequency-dependent Selection and Environmental Heterogeneity in Fitness Optima, whose commonality stresses the ＂harmony and friendship＂ between genetic mutation and natural selection. Their difference is that Frequency-dependent Selection means that there are many existent strategies in the same context and a variety of selection strategies will retain at last because their adaptive value will be overturned by the change of proportion of each strategy in the group. Environmental Heterogeneity in Fitness Optima refers to the partial existent strategies in each natural environment. In all, the selection strategy can maintain the diversity to some extent. The Costly Signaling Theory holds that everyone has the motivation to transfer a signal to the outside world, which can present one＇s gender, age, health, fertility, social status and gene quality. But due to the different ranks of transferring signals resulted from the natural endowment or resources, individuals are driven to choose different behavioral strategies. The research in the future needs to focus on three directions： （1） Reinforce the research on genetics; （2） Increase the evidence from physiology research, especially the brain science; （3） Innovate the research methods.
出处
《心理科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第1期200-206,共7页
Journal of Psychological Science
基金
武汉体育学院运动心理研究中心开放课题项目(体育锻炼改善网络成瘾者认知功能的ERP研究)的资助
关键词
人格差异性
进化心理学
解释
personality differences, evolutionary psychology, explanation
