摘要
【目的】探讨马铃薯/大豆套作复合群体品种搭配原则,为马铃薯/大豆套作高产高效提供理论和技术依据。【方法】以当前西北一熟制灌区生产中广泛种植且间套优势明显的早熟马铃薯/大豆间套作方式为研究对象,通过两年田间试验,以大豆品种中黄30(早熟)、冀豆17(中熟)和齐黄34(晚熟)单作为对照,分析套作马铃薯收获前后大豆叶面积指数、干物质积累、光合速率的变化及对产量构成因素的影响,评价不同熟期大豆品种的生长补偿效应。【结果】(1)相对于单作,套作条件下各大豆品种的开花期延迟7 d左右,但不影响全生育期,套作大豆营养生长期延长而生殖生长期相对缩短。马铃薯与大豆各品种间的共生期差异不显著,但其生殖生长共生期差异显著(齐黄34为12 d,冀豆17为35.5 d,中黄30为41.5 d)。(2)在马铃薯/大豆共生期间,套作大豆LAI上升慢于单作,晚熟大豆LAI慢于早熟和中熟大豆品种,在马铃薯收获后,中、晚熟大豆品种可保持较大叶面积指数并持续较长的时间,尤其是晚熟品种。(3)单作大豆在出苗后60 d内干物质积累较快,而同期套作大豆平均干物质积累为单作大豆的44.27%。不同品种间单作大豆净光合速率高于套作,其中,晚熟品种显著高于中、早熟品种(P<0.05);出苗后100 d(套作马铃薯已经收获)单作大豆干物质积累相对变缓,套作大豆生长加快,尤其是晚熟品种增幅显著,此时套作大豆Pn相对于单作上升幅度大,中、晚熟品种Pn接近于单作大豆。(4)较单作模式,套作模式下不同大豆品种的有效荚数、单株粒数及每荚粒数均有所降低,其中早熟品种下降显著(P<0.05),分别下降了24.15%、22.14%、18.92%,而中、晚熟品种下降不显著,尤其是晚熟品种,套作模式较单作模式仅仅下降了6.34%、8.3%、1.71%。套作模式下,中、晚熟大豆品种的产量较早熟品种分别提高了79.85%和145.08%,LER分别达到了1.77和1.83。【结论】中、晚熟大豆品种与马铃薯组合套作优势更强,其生育期较长,营养生长期相对延长导致生殖生长共生期缩短,使大豆叶面积指数、光合速率均保持在较高水平,从而为马铃薯收获后进行光合补偿生长提供物质和能量基础,保证了套作大豆较高产量。
[ Objective ] To explore the mechanism of a high yield and an optimum spatial-temporal configuration management in potato-soybean intercropping system. [Method] This study takes a potato-soybean intercropping system with wildly-used and an apparent yield advantage in Northwest irrigation districts as the research object, a field experiment was conducted in two consecutive seasons （2012-2013）, the potato-soybean intercropping trials using three soybean varieties including Zhonghuang 30 （early-maturing variety）, Jidou 17 （mid maturing variety ） and Qihuang 34 （late marring variety ） with the sole cropping potato as the control were carried out to determine the dynamic changes of growth stages of soybean, leaf area index, accumulation of dry matter, photosynthetic characteristics, yield components and yield in order to optimize the reasonable group configuration. [Result] In comparison with the sole cropping, intercropping system led to a delayed reproductive growth stage of soybean but did not change the whole growth period, the duration from planting to flowering was extended, but the duration from flowering to maturing was shortened. The co-growth stage of different soybean varieties was not affected by intercropping, but the reproductive co-growth stage （from flowering to maturing） was remarkable （P〈0.05, late maturing variety was 12 days, middle-maturing variety was 36 days, early-maturing variety was 42 days）.There was a lower increase under intercropping than under sole cropping, the LAI of the late-maturing variety was lower than the mid-maturing and early maturing varieties, significantly （P〈0.05） during earlier growing stage but higher after the potato had been harvested. There was a significant difference in dry matter accumulation between intercropping and sole cropping during the earlier growing stage, dry matter accumulation of inter-soybean relative to the sole soybean was decreased by 55.73% at 60 days after soybean sowing. The Pn varied considerably by different potato-soybean intercropping systems, and lower than the sole soybean, which the late-maturing variety was higher than the mid-maturing and early maturing varieties significantly （P〈0.05）.When the potato had been harvested （100 days after soybean sowing）, the dry matter accumulation and Pn of soybean in all intercropping systems increased, especially mid-maturing and late-maturing varieties, which became much closer to the sole cropping. Compared with sole cropping, the pods per plant, seeds per plant, and seeds per pod of early-maturing soybean in the intercropping system decreased by 24.15%, 22.14% and 18.92%, respectively （P〈0.05）. However, effective pods per plant, seeds per plant, and seeds per pod of the late-maturing soybean decreased by 5.66%, 7.64% and 2.11%, respectively. Finally, the yield of the mid-maturing and late-maturing varieties in intercropping systems are higher than the early-maturing, which increased by 79.85% and 145.08%, with the land equivalent ratio （LER） of 1.77 and 1.83, respectively. [Conclusion] Mid-maturing and late-maturing varieties were a suitable plant type configuration, the whole growth period was longer, the duration from planting to flowering was extended, but the duration from flowering to maturing was shortened, which could improve the leaf area index, photosynthetic efficiency for compensatory growth when the potato had been harvested, showing the stronger intercropping superiority.
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第3期455-467,共13页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
国家大豆现代产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-04-PS19,CARS-04-CES17)
关键词
马铃薯
大豆
套作
光合速率
产量
补偿效应
potato
soybean
intercropping
photosynthetic characteristics
yield
compensation effect
