摘要
【目的】掌握小麦氮素的吸收特征及区域差异性有利于指导小麦区域合理施肥,提高氮肥肥效,维持小麦增产稳产。本研究旨在探讨我国小麦氮素吸收特征的区域性差异及其产量效应。【方法】收集了2000年以后我国小麦田间试验产量、籽粒和秸秆氮含量的文献数据,统计分析了黄淮海冬麦区、西北冬春兼播麦区和长江中下游麦区的小麦产量、地上部氮吸收、籽粒氮含量、秸秆氮含量、100 kg籽粒需氮量的区域差异,并进一步分析了小麦不同产量水平下100 kg籽粒需氮量、籽粒氮含量和秸秆氮含量。【结果】小麦产量、籽粒氮含量、秸秆氮含量、地上部吸氮总量和生产100 kg籽粒需氮量的波动范围大,变异性较高,存在明显的区域差异。我国田间试验的小麦平均产量为6.18t/hm^2(n=5484,变异系数34.37%),其中以黄淮海冬麦区最高(7.06 t/hm2),西北冬春兼播麦区最低(4.71 t/hm2),长江中下游冬麦区居中(5.60 t/hm^2);生产100 kg籽粒需氮量的全国平均为2.87 kg(n=5073,变异系数25.43%),其中以黄淮海冬麦区最高(2.98 kg),长江中下游冬麦区和西北冬春兼播麦区偏低(分别为2.60 kg和2.84 kg);籽粒氮含量、秸秆氮含量、地上部吸氮总量全国平均分别为2.17%(n=3456)、0.55%(n=2460)、180.9 kg/hm^2(n=4962),变异系数分别为23.96%、38.18%、44.50%。籽粒氮含量、秸秆氮含量、地上部吸氮总量均以黄淮海麦区居高,分别为2.24%、0.56%、211.1 kg/hm^2,长江中下游冬麦区和西北冬春兼播麦区偏低,分别为1.92%、0.5%、146.7 kg/hm2和2.14%、0.53%、138.0 kg/hm2。生产100 kg小麦籽粒需氮量、籽粒氮含量和秸秆氮含量随小麦产量水平的增加而呈增加趋势,产量范围<4.5、4.5 6.5、6.5 8.5、8.5 10.5、>10.5 t/hm2,生产100 kg籽粒需氮量分别为2.79、2.80、2.91、3.03和3.05 kg,对应的籽粒氮含量分别为2.01%、2.11%、2.27%、2.26%和2.40%,秸秆氮含量分别为0.46%、0.53%、0.58%、0.61%和0.63%。【结论】温度、水分等气候条件、土壤类型、主栽品种及田间管理技术等差异,造成了小麦氮素吸收特性的区域间差异,因此小麦施肥应根据各区域的小麦产量、小麦氮素需求规律因地制宜地科学施肥。
【Objectives 】 Investigating the regional variation in N use efficiency and yield is helpful to guild regional fertilization and planning of wheat all over the country. This differences of N absorption among wheatplanting regions and their grain yields response of wheat were compared in this paper. 【Methods】Based on mass data published in journals and field experiments in China after 2000,the wheat yield,N concentrations in grains and straw,and N uptake among Huang-huai-hai winter wheat planting region（ HH）,Northwest China winterspring wheat planting region（ NW） and Yangtze River winter wheat planting region（ YR） were summerized,and100 kg grain N absorption by wheat under different yield levels was proposed. 【Results】The results show that wheat grain yield,N contents in grains and straw,above-ground N uptake and N needed per 100 kg-grains have significant regional variations. The mean grain yield in China is 6. 18 t / hm^2 with a variable coefficients of 34. 37%.The highest grain yield is 7. 05 t / hm^2 in whinter wheat area in HH and the lowest is 4. 71 t / hm^2 in mixed spring and wheat area in NW,and the yield in whinter wheat area in midle and lower area of YR is 5. 60 t / hm^2. The N needed per 100 kg grain in China is 2. 87 kg with a variable coefficient of 25. 43%. The highest N needed per 100kg-grains production is 2. 98 kg in HH and the lowest is 2. 60 kg in YR,and mid is 2. 84 kg in NW. The mean N concentrations in grains and straws and the plant N uptake are 2. 17%,0. 55% and 180. 9 kg / hm^2,with the corresponding variable coefficients of 23. 96%,38. 18% and 44. 50%,respectively. The N concentrations in grains and straw and the plant N uptake are all the highest in HH with values of 2. 24%,0. 56% and 211. 1kg / hm^2,following is in YR with values of 1. 92%,0. 5% and 146. 7 kg /hm^2 and in NW 2. 14%,0. 53% and138. 0 kg / hm^2,respectively. The N requirement per 100 kg grain,N concentrations in grains and straw increase with increasing wheat yields. The N requirement amounts are 2. 79 kg,2. 80 kg,2. 91 kg,3. 03 kg and 3. 05 kg for wheat yields 4. 5 t / hm^2,4. 5- 6. 5 t/hm^2,6. 5- 8. 5 t/hm^2,8. 5- 10. 5 t/hm^2,and 10. 5 t/hm^2,respectively. The N concentrations in grains are 2. 01%,2. 11%,2. 27%,2. 26% and 2. 40% and the N concentrations in straw are 0. 46%,0. 53%,0. 58%,0. 61% and 0. 63% for the corresponding wheat yields,respectively. 【Conclusions】The differences of temperature,water and soil among the wheat-planting regions cause the differences of N absorption characteristics. The difference should be taken into account for improving wheat yield and N use efficiency,and wheat grain yield and N absorption for special regions.
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第2期287-295,共9页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家"十二五"科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD11B05
2013BAD05B04)资助
关键词
小麦产量
氮素吸收
需氮量
响应特征
wheat yield
N uptake
N requirement
response characteristic
