摘要
[目的] 分析陕西洛川苹果园土壤的理化特征,为陕西乃至黄土高原苹果产区的土壤管理提供参考。[方法] 选取洛川北部、中部、南部三大区域的70个不同类型的果园,采用＂X＂形5点取样[方法]采集土样,测定土壤理化指标,分析不同树龄（〉1～≤5年、〉5～≤10年、〉10～≤15年、〉15～≤20年和〉20～≤30年）、土层（0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm、60～100cm、100～200cm）、产量（〉60t/hm2的高产园,≥30～≤60t/hm2的中产园,〈30t/hm2的低产园）、管理方式（中耕、深耕、免耕和种植三叶草）果园土壤理化性质的变化。[结果] 20～40cm土层土壤体积质量偏高的果园占11.43%;土壤pH大于7.5的果园占94.0%;土壤有机质含量处于较低或很低水平的果园占67.19%;土壤全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷含量处于很低或较低水平的果园分别占68.6%,86.3%,81.4%,67.1%。土壤全钾和速效钾含量处于中等或较高水平的果园分别占100%,62.8%。土壤速效铁、速效锰、速效锌和有效硼处于缺乏水平以下的果园分别占23.5%,11.8%,17.7%和64.7%。苹果园土壤有机质、养分含量均表现为随土层深度的增加总体呈现下降趋势。土壤有机质和养分含量表现为高产园〉中产园〉低产园。土壤有机质含量随树龄的增大而小幅增加,全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量从幼树期、初果期到盛果期呈现增加趋势,从盛果期到衰老期没有显著差异。种植三叶草能显著降低苹果园土壤的pH,总体增加土壤养分含量。[结论] 洛川苹果园的土壤有机质含量偏低,pH偏高,碱解氮、速效磷含量远低于国内其他他苹果主产区。提高苹果园土壤有机质含量、降低果园土壤pH,合理施肥是当前洛川苹果实现增产提质的关键。
[Objective]This study aimed to analyze the physicochemical properties of soil in apple orchards in Luochuan,Shaanxi to provide scientific basis for soil management in local and other apple production areas in Shaanxi and the Loess Plateau.[Method]The soil physicochemical indicators were determined in 70 orchards in northern,central,and southern regions of Luochuan.Five samples were taken with X shape in each orchard and the physical and chemical properties were determined.Then the differences due to different ages,soil layers,yields and management methods were analyzed.[Result]There were 11.43%orchards with high level soil bulk density at 20-40 cm layer.There were 94.0% orchards with pH higher than 7.5.The organic matter contents of 67.19% orchards were at low levels while 68.6%,86.3%,81.4%,and 67.1% orchards had low contents of total N,total P,available N,and available P.The ratios of orchards with medium or high total K and available K were 100% and 62.8%,respectively.The orchards with low available Fe,Mn,Zn,and B accounted for 23.5%,11.8%,17.7% and 64.7%,respectively.Contents of soil organic matter and nutrients decreased as the increase of soil depth.The contents of organic matter,total N,total P,available N,available P,and available K had the same order of high yield orchardmid-yield orchardlow-yield orchard.With the increase of tree age,soil organic matter content increased slightly.The contents of total N,total P,total K,available N,available P,and available K increased from siblings,first fruits to flourishing stage,while there were no differences between the flourishing stage and the senescence stage.Planting clover could significantly reduce soil pH and overall increase nutrients.[Conclusion]Soil in Luochuan apple orchards had low organic matter content,high pH,and the contents of available N and P were much lower than those in other apple producing areas in China.Increasing soil organic matter content,decreasing soil pH and fertilizing reasonably are critical to increase yield and quality of apples.
出处
《西北农林科技大学学报（自然科学版）》
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第4期185-194,202,共11页
Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition)
基金
陕西省科技统筹创新工程计划项目(2011KTZB02-02-05
2014KTCL02-06)
国家青年基金项目(41401613)
关键词
洛川
苹果园
土壤理化性质
Luochuan county
apple orchard
soil physical and chemical properties
