摘要
为了评价原油水溶物对水环境及鱼类的影响,以方正银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)为研究对象,研究了大庆原油水溶物对方正银鲫胚胎与仔鱼的影响。将以人工授精获得的方正银鲫受精卵(受精2 h)暴露于15%、33%、50%的大庆原油水溶物和对照溶液中培养,研究其孵化率、出膜时间及仔鱼发育状况等。结果表明,原油水溶物对仔鱼的影响大于对胚胎的影响。各浓度组之间胚胎死亡率总体上无明显差异,原油水溶性成分并不直接造成胚胎死亡;试验组仔鱼出膜时间相对于对照组有提前趋势;暴露在原油水溶物条件下,仔鱼出现发育缺陷、畸形、心率减缓、体色着色减弱、活动能力下降等问题,甚至造成死亡,且随着原油水溶物浓度的提高,上述现象的发生及死亡率逐渐增加。
As an important complex raw material for chemical industry,oil is mainly composed by alkane,arene,phenol,heterocyclic compound,nitrogen,sulphur and heavy metals,which will considerably go into the environment and cause pollution in oil exploration,transportation and refining processes. Oil pollution events can cause serious influences on the local ecological system,especially for water environment and aquatic organisms. To assess the effects of water soluble content of crude oil on the aquatic environment and fish,Carassius auratus gibelio was chosen as a test animal,and the embryo and larvae damage after exposure to water soluble content of crude oil was studied. The conclusion can provide scientific basis for the study of fish culture environmental toxicology and the monitoring of spilled oil pollution.The oil used was from Daqing oil field. The crude oil contained 13%- 23% of aromatic hydrocarbons,55%- 72% of saturated hydrocarbons,10%- 30% of non-hydrocarbons and 0. 5%- 2% of asphaltene.The water-soluble content of Daqing crude oil was prepared by 1 part of oil plus 9 parts of water in a Pyrex bottle and stirred by ultrasound wave for 4 h at（ 20. 0 ± 2. 0） ℃. The bottle was capped by plastic foil,and then covered with black plastic to avoid the interference of light. After mixing,the water-soluble content of crude oil was separated,which was designated as the 100% soluble content. The gained 100% soluble content was as the stock solution,and different concentrations（ 15%,33%,and 50%） of soluble content were prepared.Carassius auratus gibelio used was from Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute. Healthy and motivated Carassius auratus gibelio were selected. The average weight of the female was（ 105. 14 ± 10. 59） g,and the average weight of the male was（ 92. 64 ± 6. 32） g. Drugs（ Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone A2 and domperidone） were injected into the fishes to get eggs and sperms. After removing the impurities in eggs and sperm,the artificial insemination process was performed. The eggs fertilized after 2 h and full swell were utilized for tests. The group without any petroleum was used as the control group. The experimental temperature range was from 25 to 26℃ and the p H of solution was kept around 7. The dissolved oxygen range was from 6 to 8 mg·L- 1. The water-soluble content of different concentrations（ 0. 15%,33% and 50%）was replaced every 24 h,there was no feed through the experiment. The main items were egg death number（ recorded every 6 hours）,number of hatched larvae（ recorded every hour）,pigmentation,tail deformities,eye defects,physical abnormality,heart rate variation and athletic ability.Results showed that the effect of water-soluble content of crude oil on larvae was more significant than embryo. It did not cause the death of embryos directly,and embryos cultured in different concentrations of oil water-soluble content showed no significant difference in death rates. The number of dead embryos in different concentrations of oil water-soluble content（ 0%,15%,33% and 50%） was 33. 2 ± 1. 4,43. 8 ± 3. 5,37. 6± 1. 6,38. 1 ± 6. 1 respectively,whereas the number of dead larvae was 2. 0 ± 1. 0,22. 5 ± 2. 1,50. 4 ±4. 4,96. 3 ± 3. 8 respectively. The incubation time of experimental groups was shorter than the control group.Pigmentation was inversely related to the concentrations of oil water soluble content. At 15% concentration,approximately 57% of embryos showed weak pigmentation. However,at 33% and 50% concentrations,the percentages of embryos showing weak pigmentation were 77% and 93%,respectively. Tail deformities were positively related to concentration of oil water soluble content. At 15% concentration,approximately 7. 5% of embryos showed tail deformities. At 33% and 50% concentrations,it increased to 16. 4% and 25. 4%,respectively. At high concentration（ 50%）,the embryos showed significant physical abnormality and low heart rates,but no eye defects. The mobility of larvae was also affected by the oil water-soluble content. The mobility of larvae was steadily worse with time passing. At 50% concentration,larvae showed strong activity at the first 48 hours,and then the mobility weakened. However,at 15% and 33% concentrations,the mobility enhanced before 72 h,and gradually weakened subsequently. In the control group,the mobility enhanced in the entire experiment period.Results showed that water-soluble content of crude oil caused damage,malformation and even death on the embryo and larvae of Carassius auratus gibelio. The oil spill would affect the reproduction and growth of fish and destroy the population structure. Consequently,to study the fish culture environmental toxicology and find methods in pollution control and spilled oil pollution monitoring is significant.
出处
《海洋渔业》
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第2期182-189,共8页
Marine Fisheries
基金
农业部应对溢油关键技术专项(2013-2015)
关键词
原油水溶物
方正银鲫
胚胎
仔鱼
water-soluble constituents of crude oil
Carassius auratus gibelio
embryo
larvae
