摘要
二氧化碳排放量是区分低碳与普通产品的关键指标,但旅游服务产品的特殊性决定了游客对于低碳旅游景区与普通旅游景区的偏好取决于体验价值的高低,同时受到旅行社低碳宣传的影响。文章构建旅游景区低碳系统,指出低碳服务投入所对应的体验价值是景区低碳化的核心内容,并将低碳景区体验价值分离为基本消费效用与低碳消费效用两部分。在初始需求基础上纳入旅行社低碳宣传以及景区低碳消费效用对客源市场的影响,构建低碳旅游景区需求函数,同时考虑低碳服务与低碳宣传对低碳消费效用的提升作用,形成一个景区与旅行社两主体微分博弈模型。通过不同机制下的均衡结果比较,发现成本分担与协同合作均优于非合作的独立决策状态,能够有效引导旅游企业增加低碳投入,并改善供应链收益情况,其中成本分担机制是现阶段旅游企业低碳合作的可行方案。
After decades of scale expansion and diversified development, tourism has now become one of the largest and fastest- growing economic sectors in the world. The number of international tourist arrivals is expected to reach 1.8 billion by 2030, which also makes tourism a significant source of carbon emissions — a major problem. Low-carbon strategies are a new development concept to address this, and they have penetrated various sectors of the economy, including the tourism industry.Transitioning tourist attractions to emitting less carbon emissions has become a key part of the China＇s tourism development. Previous studies have largely overlooked the significance of experience value as relates to low- carbon tourist attractions, and have failed to consider the relationship of lowcarbon cooperation, and competition, between scenic attractions and tourism industry-related businesses.Therefore, there is pressing need to introduce supply chain management theory to coordinate these relations. The amount of carbon dioxide emissions is the key indicator for differentiating low- carbon products. However, the unique aspects of travel services lead to tourists＇ preferences for low-carbon or general tourist attractions depending on the different experience value each brings. At the same time,travel agencies＇ publicizing low-carbon attractions can affect tourism decisions.We establish a low- carbon system for tourist attractions, indicating that experience value corresponding to low- carbon services is the core element of low- carbon approaches in the tourism industry. A utility function is introduced to describe travelers＇ consumer preference concerning lowcarbon tourist attractions. In this, experience value is divided into basic consumption utility in accordance with general tourist attractions, and the specific low- carbon consumption utility. The demand function of low- carbon tourist attractions is built by introducing the effect of low- carbonoriented publicity and low- carbon consumption utility to the tourism market based on initial demand that represents the basic consumption utility. Moreover, considering low- carbon services and publicity together promotes the low- carbon consumption utility, a differential game model between tourist attractions and travel agencies is established.Valuable conclusions are made from comparative analysis on equilibrium strategies and supply chain profits of three mechanisms： non-cooperation, cost-sharing cooperation, and collaboration. Under non- cooperative gaming, the tourist attraction and travel agency make the optimal decisions that will maximize their own profits, regardless of the overall chain benefit. When adopting the cost- sharing cooperation method, a subsidy for publicity expenses provided by the tourist attraction can lead the travel agency to actively engage in low- carbon development. The vertical cooperation of this tourism supply chain effectively coordinates the low- carbon- oriented decisions of both and improves overall interest. Finally, the collaborative game assumes the two channel members establish long- term cooperative relationships. Consequently, the low-carbon-oriented decision is determined jointly so as to maximize supply chain profit. Clearly, this final means of low- carbon- oriented cooperation will bring the highest equilibrium decision and supply chain profit.We conclude that collaboration is the optimal choice for low-carbon-oriented cooperation between tourist attractions and travel agencies. This contributes to achieving Pareto optimality of the tourism supply chain. This is still theoretical because full cooperation of all relevant parties would be difficult to implement. The cost-sharing mechanism, by contrast, is more general and, thus, becomes an efficient evolutionary path toward low-carbon tourist attractions in China.
出处
《旅游学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2016年第6期38-49,共12页
Tourism Tribune
关键词
旅游供应链
低碳消费效用
低碳旅游景区
微分博弈
tourism supply chain
low-carbon consumption utility
low-carbon tourism attraction
differential game
