摘要
间套作是我国传统农业的精髓,是发展生态农业的重要措施之一,在我国乃至世界的现代农业中仍然占有一定的地位。然而,长期间套作条件下的土壤肥力变化研究较为缺乏。在甘肃武威连续6年(2009—2014年)进行定位试验,采用两因素试验设计,主因素为三个施磷水平(0、40和80 kg hm-2),副因素为9种种植模式(蚕豆/玉米、大豆/玉米、鹰嘴豆/玉米和油菜/玉米间作,蚕豆、大豆、鹰嘴豆、油菜和玉米单作),分别在第5年(2013年)和第6年(2014年)测定体系生产力和土壤肥力的主要化学指标,旨在明确连续间作条件下土壤肥力的变化。结果表明:1)三个施磷水平平均下,间作显著提高体系籽粒产量,鹰嘴豆、蚕豆、大豆和油菜与玉米间作体系平均产量比对应单作分别高出38.2%、32.6%、34.0%和38.4%;2)与单作相比,间作种植显著提高了土壤有机质含量;3)施磷及种植方式对土壤全氮含量均无显著影响;4)间作种植与单作相比在2013年分别显著降低土壤Olsen P含量5.2%、6.9%、15.9%和11.3%,2014年间作相对于单作土壤Olsen P无显著变化;5)间作显著降低土壤速效钾含量,2年平均下降10.3%、14.1%、8.5%和13.2%;6)施磷和作物组合以及间作均未显著改变土壤p H。总之,连续种植5—6年,间作相对于单作仍能提高体系作物籽粒产量,施磷也能提高体系籽粒产量,80 kg hm-2施磷量时产量达到最高;间作有增加土壤有机质,降低土壤Olsen P和速效钾含量趋势,土壤全氮和p H未受到施磷和间作的影响。表明在合理的施肥条件下,间套作不仅相对于单作提高了作物产量,还能够增强农田生态系统的可持续性。
【Objective】Being the kernel of the traditional agriculture of China,and one of the major practices in developing ecological agriculture,intercropping still occupies an important position in modern agriculture in China as well as other parts of the world. One of the advantages of intercropping is overyielding relative to monocultures,which consequently removes more soil nutrients from the soils. However,in respect of high nutrient removal,few researches have been done on intercropping as on monocultures on a long-term scale. 【Method】To find a solution to this issue,a long-term field experiment was therefore established in 2009 at Baiyun,Wuwei City,Gansu Province,Northwest China,and carried out to investigate changes in soil chemical properties in response to P application and cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a two factorial design with three replicates,where the main factor was P application rate,designed to have three rates（0,40 and 80 kg hm-2 of triple superphosphate）and the second factor was cropping system,including maize/faba bean,maize/soybean,maize/chickpea,maize/rapeseed and their corresponding monocultures,maize,faba bean,soybean,chickpea and rapeseed. In 2013（the 5th year）and 2014（the 6th year）yields were measured and some soil chemical properties（soil organic matter,soil total N,Olsen P,available K,and p H were examined after the crops were harvested to explore changes in soil fertility as affected by cropping system. To estimate yields,two rows of maize and three rows,each of the other 4 crops,regardless of cropping pattern,were selected at random and harvested at their respective harvest seasons. To collect soil samples,0~20 cm in length,for analysis,an auger was used to minimize disturbance of the soil structure after harvest. Eight cores and four cores were collected from intercropping plot（4 for each crop species）and monocultures,separately. And then the soil samples from the same plot under the same crop were blended separately together as one for analysis. 【Result】Results show that by averaging the yields of the plots the same in cropping system regardless of P application rates,1）The grain yield of treatment,chickpea/maize,faba bean/maize,soybean/maize,and rapeseed/maize was 38.2%,32.6%,34.0% and 38.4% higher than their respective monocultures treatment;2）Intercropping significantly increased the content of soil organic matter;3）Neither P application nor cropping pattern had any effect on soil total nitrogen concentration;4）In 2013,intercropping decreased soil Olsen P by 5.2% in treatment chickpea/maize,by 6.9% in treatment faba bean/maize,by 15.9% in treatment soybean/maize and by 11.3% in treatment rapeseed/maize,while in 2014,it did not affect much;5）Intercropping significantly depleted available K,by 10.3% in treatment chickpea/maize,by 14.1% in treatment faba bean/maize,by 8.5% in treatment soybean/maize and by 13.2% in treatment rapeseed/maize over the two years;6）There was no significant differences in soil p H between P applications and cropping systems in 2013 and 2014. To sum up,intercropping enhances productivity for at least five to six years. No matter P application or not,it could increase grain yield,and the effect intensified with P application rate rising till 80 kg hm-2. Moreover,intercropping tended to increase soil organic matter and reduce soil Olsen P and available K. But neither P application nor intercropping had much effect on soil total nitrogen or p H in 2013 and 2014.【Conclusion】In conclusion,intercropping enhances not only crop productivity over time,but also improves stability and sustainablility of soil fertility if coupled with proper applications of organic manure,P and K fertilizers.
出处
《土壤学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第4期951-962,共12页
Acta Pedologica Sinica
基金
国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD14B10)
国家重点基础研究发展计划"973"项目(2011CB100405)
国家自然科学基金项目(31430014)共同资助~~
关键词
间作
生产力
土壤有机质
土壤全氮
土壤有效磷
土壤速效钾
Intercropping
Productivity
Soil organic matter
Total nitrogen
Soil Olsen P
Soil available K
