摘要
我国拥有得天独厚的盐湖资源,分布于北半球盐湖带欧亚盐湖亚带东部,主要分布在现代降水量<500mm/a的范围内。本文对中国盐湖科学技术60年来取得的若干进展进行初步梳理。1.在盐湖沉积与古气候、古环境研究方面:提出了各种盐类矿物的古气候转换指标。柴达木西部-塔里木东部氯化物型-硫酸盐型沉积区为我国第四纪以来干旱成盐中心,历经了6次以上的向外干旱(成盐)扩张期;提出青藏高原第四纪晚期存在5次泛湖高湖面;2.在盐湖成矿与成盐成钾理论研究方面:首编青藏高原湖泊水化学分带图(1/250万),揭示了青藏高原盐湖水化学类型由南往北、由碳酸盐-氯化物型分布规律及其相应成盐成矿专属性;发现几个大型陆相钾盐矿床,提出了高山深盆成盐模式、链式多级中浅盐湖成矿模式、多级湖盆深盆成盐模式、砂砾型含钾卤水成矿模式以及"隔代承袭成钾"等新认识,建立和发展了"陆相成钾"理论认识;发现青海大柴旦湖钠硼解石-柱硼镁石矿床、西藏扎仓茶卡柱硼镁石-库水硼镁石矿床、聂尔错库水硼镁石矿床等新类型镁硼酸盐(锂)矿床,进而提出冷冻稀释成硼理论新认识。3.自主研发出的"反浮选冷结晶工艺"生产氯化钾自控系统,使察尔汗盐湖钾盐达到300万吨/年KCl产量,形成了名牌钾肥产品。成功研发了罗布泊120万吨/年硫酸钾成套技术,建成世界最大的硫酸钾生产装置,2015年产量达160万吨,以上为我国钾肥生产作出了重大贡献。在自主研发的"冬储卤-冷冻-日晒-分离-盐梯度太阳池积热沉锂"创新技术支撑下,在西藏高原海拔4421米的扎布耶盐湖建成了世界海拔最高的锂盐产业,也是我国首条年产5000吨碳酸锂的盐湖提锂基地。4.根据盐水域发育大面积杜氏藻等嗜盐菌藻、盐沼带和盐碱地繁衍多种盐生植物的盐境生态特点,提出"盐湖农业"("盐土农业")农业新概念,发展盐境绿色产业提供新的理念和技术支持。最后,为今后盐类科学发展方向,提出了深绿科技与产业研发方向,随着盐类科学技术的发展,将会促进新的边缘交叉学科盐类学(Salinology)的发展和日臻完善。
China has unique salt lake resources, which distribute in the east of Eurasian salt lake subzone of the Northern Hemisphere Salt Lake Zone, mainly concentrated in the regions with modern mean annual precipitation lower than 500 mm. This paper preliminarily reviews the progresses made in salt lake research in Chine for the past 60 years. In the research of Palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments from salt lake sediments, a series of salts have been proposed to be indicators of palaeoclimate, and have been well accepted by scholars. The chloride sulfate depositional regions of west Qaidam and east Tarim have been revealed to be the draught center of China since the Quaternary, and more than 6 spreading stages of arid climate （salt forming） have been identified; Five pan lake periods with highstands have been proved to exist during the late Quaternary on Tibetan Plateau. In mineral resource prospecting and theories of the forming of salt deposits： the atlas （1∶2500000） of hydrochemical zoning of salt lakes on Tibetan Plateau has been compiled for the first time, revealing the zonal distribution and transition from carbonate type to chloride type from south to north and serving corresponding mineral assemblages for different type of salt lakes; several large continental salt deposits have been discovered and the theory of continental potash deposition have been developed, including the salt deposition in deep basins surrounded by high mountains, the mineral deposition from multistage evolution through chains of moderate or shallow lakes, origin of potassium rich brines in gravel layers, and the forming of potassium deposits through the inheriting from ancient salt deposits, establishing the framework of “Continental Potassium Deposition Theory”; several new type of Mg borate deposits have been found, including the ulexite and pinnoite bed in Da Qaidam lake, Qinghai, the pinnoite and Kurnakovite bed in Chagcam Caka, Tibet, the Kurnakovite bed in Lake Nyer, and the corresponding model of borate deposition from the cooling and dissolution of boron rich brines was proposed based on principles of geology, physics and chemistry. The anti floatation cold crystallization method developed independently has improved the capacity of KCl production to 3 million tons per year for the Qarham, serving the famous brand of potash fertilizer products. The 1.2 million ton K sulfate production line, the biggest in the world, has been built in Lop Nor, and about 1.6 million tons of K sulfate have been produced in 2015. Supported by the new technology, i.e. brine preparation in winter cooling solarization isolation lithium deposition from salt gradient solar pond” the highest lithium production base at Zabuye Lake （4421 m）, Tibet, has been established, which is the first lithium production base in China that reaches the year production of 5000 tons of lithium carbonate. The concept of Salt lake agriculture （Salt land agriculture） has been established based on the mass growth of Dunaliella and other bacillus algae and the occurrence of various halophyte in saltmarsh and salt saline alkali lands, finding a new way to increase arable lands and develop related green industry in salt rich environments. Finally this paper presents some new thoughts for the further research and development on salt science, and the further progresses in salt science and technology will facilitate the maturing of the interdisciplinary science “Salinology”.
出处
《地质学报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第9期2123-2166,共44页
Acta Geologica Sinica
基金
国家自然科学基金-青海联合重点项目基金(编号:U1407207)
专项基金(编号:21422036)
中国地质调查局地质调查项目"西部地区钾盐矿产远景调查评价"(编号:DD20160054)联合资助的成果
关键词
中国盐湖研究进展
盐湖沉积与古气候
成盐理论
盐类资源的开发与利用
盐湖农业
盐类深绿科技与产业
the progresses of salt lake research in China salt lake deposits and the palaeoclimate salt deposition mineralization and salting theory of saline lakes utilization and exploitation salt lake agriculture radically green salt science technology and industry
