摘要
Background： Nitrogen（N）, phosphorous（P）, and potassium（K） are critical nutrient elements necessary for crop plant growth and development. However, excessive inputs will lead to inefficient usage and cause excessive nutrient losses in the field environment, and also adversely affect the soil, water and air quality, human health, and biodiversity. Methods： Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of controlled-release fertilizer（CRF） on seed yield, plant growth, nutrient uptake, and fertilizer usage efficiency for early ripening rapeseed（Xiangzayou 1613） in the red-yellow soil of southern China during 2011–2013. It was grown using a soluble fertilizer（SF） and the same amounts of CRF, such as SF1/CRF1（3750 kg/hm^2）, SF2/CRF2（3000 kg/hm^2）, SF3/CRF3（2250 kg/hm^2）, SF4/CRF4（1500 kg/hm^2）, SF5/CRF5（750 kg/hm^2）, and also using no fertilizer（CK）. Results： CRF gave higher seed yields than SF in both seasons by 14.51%. CRF4 and SF3 in each group achieved maximum seed yield（2066.97 and 1844.50 kg/hm^2, respectively）, followed by CRF3（1929.97 kg/hm^2） and SF4（1839.40 kg/hm^2）. There were no significant differences in seed yield among CK, SF1, and CRF1（P0.05）. CRF4 had the highest profit（7126.4 CNY/hm2） and showed an increase of 12.37% in seed yield, and it decreased by 11.01% in unit fertilizer rate compared with SF4. The branch number, pod number, and dry matter weight compared with SF increased significantly under the fertilization of CRF（P0.05）. The pod number per plant was the major contributor to seed yield. On the other hand, the N, P, and K uptakes increased at first and then decreased with increasing the fertilizer rate at maturity, and the N, P, and K usage efficiency decreased with increasing the fertilizer rate. The N, P, and K uptakes and usage efficiencies of the CRF were significantly higher than those of SF（P0.05）. The N accumulation and N usage efficiency of CRF increased by an average of 13.66% and 9.74 percentage points, respectively, compared to SF. In conclusion, CRF significantly promoted the growth of rapeseed with using total N as the base fertilizer, by providing sufficient N in the later growth stages, and last by reducing the residual N in the soil and increasing the N accumulation and N usage efficiency.
目的:氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)是作物生长发育所必需的营养元素。然而,过度地投入会导致田间低效的利用率,造成大量养分损失,影响土壤、水和大气的质量,以及人类健康和生物多样性。因此,本实验研究控释肥料(CRF)是否可以替代可溶性肥料(SF),有效地增加作物产量,提高肥料利用率,减少田间养分损失。创新点:连续2年(2011~2013年)在中国南方红黄壤地区开展田间试验,研究控释肥料对早熟油菜(湘杂油1613)的产量、生长、养分吸收和肥料利用率的影响。可更好地解决稻-稻-油生产过程中的季节矛盾,简化油菜生产模式,增加农民收入,并确保国家粮油安全。方法:设置SF和等量CRF五个施用量处理,即SF1/CRF1(3750 kg/hm^2)、SF2/CRF2(3000 kg/hm^2)、SF3/CRF3(2250 kg/hm^2)、SF4/CRF4(1500 kg/hm^2)和SF5/CRF5(750 kg/hm^2),以及不施肥处理(CK)。结论:CRF处理油菜产量较SF处理两年平均提高14.51%,其中CRF4和SF3处理获得最大产量(2066.97和1844.50 kg/hm^2),其次是CRF3处理(1929.97 kg/hm^2)和SF4处理(1839.40 kg/hm^2)。此外,CRF4处理利润最高(人民币7126.4元每公顷),与SF4处理相比,其油菜产量增加12.37%和单位肥料施用量下降11.01%。较SF处理,CRF处理显著增加油菜分支数、角果数和干物质重量(P<0.05)。单株角果数是油菜产量构成的主要因素。随着肥料施用量的增加,N、P和K吸收量先增加后下降,而N、P和K利用率均降低。同时,CRF处理的N、P、K吸收量和N、P、K利用率显著高于SF处理的结果(P<0.05)。CRF处理N素累积量和N素利用率较SF处理平均提高13.66%和9.74个百分点。总之,CRF一次性基施显著促进油菜的生长发育,通过提供后期生长阶段足够的养分,最终减少了土壤中的养分残余和增加了植株的养分积累,提高了肥料利用率。
基金
supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31372310)
the Youth Fund of Orient Science and Technology College of Hunan Agricultural University(No.14QNZ09)
the Cultivation Physiology Station of National Technical System in Rapeseed Industry(No.CARS-13)
the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Nos.2012BAD15B04,2014BAC09B01-01,and 2014BAD14B01)
