摘要
采用线性规划求解方法,通过评价饲草干物质含量、粗蛋白含量、综合净能、肉牛能量单位及肉牛营养需求等指标,对春、夏、秋、冬饲草进行配方优化。结果表明,春季饲草优化配方为燕麦(Avena sativa)、稻草、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和玉米(Zea mays),其干物质比重分别为47.26%、36.55%、13.45%和2.74%;夏季为桂牧一号(Pennisetum purpureum cv.Guimu No.1)、玉米和稻草,其干物质比重分别为91.25%、8.49%和0.26%;秋季为桂牧一号、玉米和红薯,其干物质比重分别为89.30%、9.01%和1.70%;冬季为燕麦、稻草、红薯(Dioscorea esculenta)、黑麦草和玉米,其干物质比重分别为50.26%、25.59%、17.49%、5.61%和1.04%。同步监测肉牛养殖系统饲草、饮用水、牛粪尿以及牛肉中的镉(Cd)含量,计算肉牛养殖系统Cd输入输出动态可知,单头肉牛Cd年输入量为753.70mg,年输出量为747.02mg,系统Cd的输入与输出基本持平。Cd输入中,饮用水及饲料添加剂对Cd年度总输入的贡献率仅分别为0.05%和4.56%,而饲草的贡献率高达95.39%;Cd输出中,牛肉和牛尿对Cd年度总输出的贡献率仅分别为0.46%和0.06%,而牛粪的贡献率高达99.48%。可见,控制饲草Cd含量和调控牛粪Cd输出分别是减少Cd进入养殖系统和增加养殖系统Cd输出的最主要途径,而因牛的粪尿流出肉牛种养系统,每头每年带出的Cd为226.55mg,占Cd年输出量的30.33%。利用清洁地域建立"饲草-肉牛-牛粪-饲草"种养系统,可实现饲草自给、废弃物安全消纳的同时,确保饲草和肉牛质量安全,实现该系统在低Cd环境下循环运行。
This study aimed to use linear programming method for forage formulation optimization by dry matter（DM）,crude protein（CP）,combined net energy（NEmf）,beef energy unit（RND）of forage and beef nutritional needs in spring,summer,autumn and winter.Forage formulation optimization in spring including oats,straw,ryegrass and maize with their proportions of dry matter were 47.26%,36.55%,13.45% and 2.74%respectively,and Guimu 1grassy,corn and rice straw in summer with dry matter proportions of 91.25%,8.49% and 0.26% respectively,and Guimu 1grassy,corn and sweet potato in autumn by proportions of 89.30%,9.01%and 1.70%respectively,and oats,rice straw,sweet potato,ryegrass and maize in winter by proportions of 50.26%,25.59%,17.49%,5.61%and 1.04%respectively.There was a state of basically flat between input and output of Cd in beef breeding system by monitoring the Cd contents in forage,drinking water,dung and beef and calculating the input and output dynamic,and the single head beef＇s Cd annual input was753.70 mg while the output was 747.02 mg.In the Cd annual input of beef breeding system,the annual total Cd accumulation contribution rate of beef＇s drinking water and fodder additives were 0.05%and 4.56%respectively,while the contribution rate of beef＇s forage was 95.39%.The Cd annual total output contribution rates of beef meat and beef urine were 0.46% and 0.06%respectively,while the contribution rate of beef dung was99.48%.The main ways to reduce the Cd input and increase the Cd output in farming system were to control the Cd content of forage and regulate the Cd output of dung.The net output of Cd per beef in this beef breeding system was 226.55mg·head-1,accounting for 30.33% of Cd total output.Therefore,the beef breeding system of＂forage-beef-dung-forage＂building at clean territory could achieve the purpose of forage self sufficient and beef wastes security consumptive,and it ensured the quality of beef forage and beef meat and the system operating in cycle in the low Cd level.
出处
《草业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第10期2111-2118,共8页
Pratacultural Science
基金
国家科技支撑计划课题(2012BAD14B17-1)
湖南省青年人才培养联合基金(14JJ6056)
关键词
肉牛
镉
饲草
配方优化
循环农业
质量安全
beef
cadmium
forage formula
programming solver
circular agriculture
quality safety
