摘要
近20年来,英国政府依据人力资本理论,将家庭视为重要的社会资产,并在学前教育政策中体现了对家庭的重视和支持。首先,英国政府通过提高家庭对学前教育和儿童保育的支付能力,竭力帮助家长实现工作与家庭生活的平衡;其次,依托于确保开端儿童中心,为包括贫困家庭在内的所有家庭提供广泛的综合服务;再次,通过推行税收抵免等相关福利制度,尽力分担家庭的育儿成本;最后,通过改善贫困儿童的家庭境遇、加强早期干预等方式精准扶持贫困儿童及其家庭。同时,英国此种"家庭支持"取向的学前教育政策近年来也面临着一些问题和挑战,如后续经费供给不足,致使儿童中心等家庭服务项目遭遇发展瓶颈;贫富悬殊的裂痕很难弥合,贫困儿童及其家庭迫切需要政府加大扶持力度等。今后,英国政府应进一步提升早教质量,最大限度地提高"家庭支持"取向学前教育投入的收益;将有限的经费优先分配给贫困儿童及其家庭,并进一步加强"上游干预";继续推行"准市场机制",扩大早期教育供给,为幼儿和家庭提供更多的选择机会。我国的生育政策和延迟退休政策或将使一部分幼儿家长在平衡工作与家庭生活时面临更多挑战,与此同时伴随城镇化进程,劳务输出大省学龄前留守儿童的规模和比重将持续增加,长期亲子分离的不利境遇使他们的成长面临多重隐患。鉴于此,将家庭视角纳入我国学前教育政策显得十分迫切。我国学前教育政策可以在三个方面着力体现对儿童及其家庭的重视和支持:一是提高学前教育公共服务的普惠性程度,切实降低家庭的育儿成本,减轻家庭的育儿负担;二是将建立0~3岁婴幼儿照料服务体系纳入政府的政策议程;三是坚持"济困优先"原则,为处境不利儿童及其家庭提供精准扶持。
In recent 20 years, according to the Human Capital Theory, the UK government has treated families as important social assets and incorporated the family angle into her preschool education policy. First of all, by means of improving the families＇ payment capacity of early childhood education and care, the UK government makes every endeavor to help parents realize the balance of job and family＇s life. Secondly, depending on the Sure Start project, the UK government provides the far-ranging and compre- hensive service for all families including the poor families. Thirdly, by carrying out relevant welfare sys- tem such as tax credit, families＇ costs of child-rearing are recognized completely. In the end, the UK government accurately supports the poor children and their families by the means of promoting the poor children＇s family situation and reinforcing the early intervention. In recent years, the problems and chal- lenges of family-support-oriented preschool education policies in UK are as follows： on the one hand, deficiency of additional funding has resulted in development bottleneck of domestic service＇s projects such as Children＇s Centers; on the other hand, the split of disparity between the rich and the poor hasn＇t been brought to a close. The poor children and their families have been in sore need of government＇s support further. The development tendencies contain that the UK government should improve the quality of early education and increase the benefits of family-support-oriented preschool education policy; limited expenditure should be provided for the poor children and their families preferentially and ＂upstream inter ventions＂ should be reinforced further; more choices would be provided for young children and their families via carrying out the Quasi-market Mechanism continually and expending the supply of early education. With the implement of the Two-child Policy and the Late Retirement Policy, the challenges of some infants＇ parents maybe get more when they are faced with the conflicts between job and family＇s life. Because of disadvantageous situation of long-term parent-child separation, the scale and proportion of left-behind preschoolers is also increasing significantly in the big labor export provinces in the process of urbanization. In view of this, it is very exigent to incorporate the family angle into preschool education policy in China. Firstly, we should improve the generalized degree of public services of early childhood education, reduce actually families＇ costs of child-rearing and ease the burden of child-rearing. Secondly, we should incorporate the building of care system of 0-3-year-old infants into governmental policy agenda. Thirdly, we should insist on the principle of ＂helping the poor preferentially＂ and provide accurate support to the poor children and their families.
出处
《学前教育研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2017年第6期3-12,共10页
Studies in Early Childhood Education
基金
国家社科基金"十二五"规划2015年度教育学一般课题"公益普惠目标定位下我国民办学前教育发展对策研究"(编号:BHA150081)
关键词
学前教育政策
家庭视角
家庭工作冲突
处境不利儿童
preschool education policy, the family angle, the conflicts between family and work, disadvantaged children
