摘要
【目的】通过比较连续4 a(年)施用梨树修剪枝条制作的堆肥对梨树根系生长的影响,研究梨树修剪枝条堆肥在梨园中应用的可行性。【方法】2012—2015年以10 a生‘早酥’梨树为试材,按等养分和等有机质的原则,以化肥和羊粪处理为对照,研究长期施用枝条堆肥对梨园土壤理化性质、梨树根系生长和分布以及梨产量和品质的影响。【结果】与施化肥处理相比较,施用枝条堆肥,增加了土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾以及土壤有机质含量;施用枝条堆肥增加了梨树根系总根长、总表面积、根尖数;施用枝条堆肥增加了水平方向0~40 cm、120~160 cm和160~200 cm和垂直方向0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层范围内根系的分布密度,尤其在30~60 cm土层,枝条堆肥处理下吸收根分布最为显著;施用枝条堆肥促进了以极细根为主的吸收根的生长;施用枝条堆肥显著增加了梨单果质量,提高了梨产量,增加了果实中可溶性固形物含量,提高了果实糖酸比。【结论】连续4 a施用枝条堆肥改善了土壤的理化性质,促进了梨树根系生长,扩大梨树吸收根和粗根的分布范围与分布密度,提高了梨产量,改善了梨品质。
[ Objective] Annual pruning in pear orchards leaded to a large number of branches which contain abundant mineral nutrients. Traditionally, pruned branches are stacked optionally, or burned as fuel, and both methods lead to loss of nutrients. It is important to use these solid waste resources and recycle their nutrients. Composting is a way to turn the wasted prunings to a useful organic fertilizer. Long-term applications of organic fertilizer had profound effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Moreover, the application of organic fertilizer also promotes the growth of plant roots, affecting the yield and quality. However, it is not clear about application of pruning compost into pear orchard. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of pruning compost on soil properties, root growth and distribution, yield and quality in pear. [Methods] The experiment was conducted on 10-year-old ＇Zaosu＇ pear trees for 4 consecutive years. Based on the equal mineral nutrients and organic matter, the treatments included pruning compost （PC）, sheep manure （SM） used as traditional organic fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer set as the control （CF）. Randomized block design was used for this experiment, with three replicates in each treatment. At the harvest in 2015, a soil excavating method was used to sample roots, and nine trees with average vigor were selected from each treatment for root sampling. Root images were obtained by root scanner, and root feature parameters such as root length, root surface area, root volume were analyzed. Furthermore, the experiment also studied effects on yield and quality of pear. [Results] （1） PC significantly in- creased the contents of alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen in the soil, which was 1.44 times of the control. Soil organic matter, available P and available K contents were increased by 25.7%, 30.3% and 7.5% in PC treatment compared with the control, respectively. （2） PC and SM significantly increased the total root length, total root surface area and the number of root tips. These root feature parameters were in the order of SM〉PC〉CF. In horizontal direction, total root length in the range of 0-40 cm under PC treatment was 1.77 times of the control （P〈 0.05）. Organic fertilizer treatments significantly increased total root length and total root surface area in the ranges of 120-160 cm and 160-200 cm, and root distribution density was in the order of PC〉SM〉CF. Compared with CF, SM increased total root length, total root surface area and total root volume in the range of 80-120 cm although only the increase in total root surface area was significant. The coarse root was most significantly increased by 90.8%. There were no significant differenc- es among root length, root surface area, root volume of absorbing roots and coarse roots under different fertilization treatments. In vertical direction, applications of PC and SM increased the length of absorbing roots, root surface area and volume in 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm soil layers, and coarse root length was also significantly increased by PC treatment. In 30-60 cm layer, SM increased coarse root length to 0.11 mm·cm-3 which was 2.14 times of CF. Meanwhile, total root surface area of SM was significantly increased by 71.4% compared with CF. Coarse root surface area under SM treatment was increased by 90.8%, and absorbing root surface area was 2.01 times that of the control. Additionally, the absorbing root volume in SM and PC treatments were 0.39 mm3· cm-3 and 0.41 mm3· cm-3 in 30-60 cm soil layer, respectively, which were both significantly increased compared with the control. Absorbing root volume in 30-60 cm soil layer in SM treatment was 0.38 mm3· cm-3, while in PC treatment it was 0.41 mm3· cm-3, and both were significantly higher than the control. Although SM significantly increased total root surface area in 90-120 cm soil layer, the increases in surface area of absorbing root and coarse root were not significant. Results also showed that root composition was changed by applying organic fertilizers. The relative length of absorbing roots in PC was 96.5%, significantly increased by 1.71%. The two organic fertilization treatments signifi- cantly alerted absorbing root surface areas and absorbing root relative volume, which were in the order of PC〉SM〉CF. In addition, very fine roots were most affected by organic fertilization. There were no signifi- cant differences between fine root relative length and surface area among treatments, except for fine root relative volume which was significantly increased under PC treatment. On the contrary, CF treatment resulted in highest coarse root relative length, surface area and volume, followed by SM treatment. （3） Application of PC had a significant effect on weight of single fruit, which was 20.7% higher than that of the con- trol. The yield of pear under PC treatment was 1.36 times that of the control. PC significantly increased the content of soluble solids in the fruit, and the ratio of sugar to acid was 1.23 times of the control. SM significantly decreased soluble solids in the fruit. [ Conclusion ] Application of PC for 4 consecutive years improved the soil nutrient contents, enlarged the distribution of roots in soil, and promoted the growth of pear roots especially the absorbing roots. Furthermore, PC increased single fruit weight and yield and improved fruit quality.
出处
《果树学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第10期1274-1285,共12页
Journal of Fruit Science
基金
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-29-15)
关键词
梨树
枝条堆肥
羊粪
土壤
根系
吸收根
产量
Pear tree
Pruning compost
Sheep manure
Soil
Root
Absorbing root
Yield
