摘要
本文梳理了建国后我国绿肥生产与科研的发展历程,回顾了各时期的主要工作和成就,提出了绿肥行业未来发展建议。上世纪50年代中后期至今的60年里,我国绿肥生产和研究经历了繁荣、萧条、恢复三大时期。二十世纪50~80年代初的近30年是生产繁荣、科研经验累积时期。科学家对大量历史经验和科学成果进行了总结提升,提出了"以磷增氮"、"磷肥治标,绿肥治本"、"起爆效应"等经验、技术和理论;组建了全国绿肥试验网。绿肥生产于二十世纪70年代达到最高峰,面积最高年份约1300万公顷。二十世纪80年代至本世纪初的20多年里绿肥生产萧条,绿肥面积下降至约200万公顷。绿肥科研方面,全国绿肥试验网组织了全国性协作研究,推动了绿肥学科的系统进步;90年代,着眼提升综合经济效益开展工作,积极寻找绿肥发展途径,为我国的绿肥事业积累了许多经验和资源;研究制订了中国绿肥区划,整理鉴定了一批绿肥资源,选育出一批丰产性能好的绿肥新品种,评选出具有综合效益的绿肥种植利用模式,明确了绿肥提高土壤有机质的效果及其作用条件,出版了一批具有重要价值的绿肥文献。2007年以来,绿肥生产回升,科研快速恢复。国家和部分省份实施了绿肥补贴试点,绿肥科研专项"十一五"、"十二五"期间连续实施,国家绿肥产业技术体系获准建设。通过绿肥科研专项的实施,绿肥种质资源条件进一步完善,绿肥轻简化生产水平大大提升,一批生产新方式、新技术被研发运用,基于绿肥的高产稳产及清洁生产技术体系广泛推广。证明了绿肥在有效促进作物养分供给、保障作物稳产高产、全面改善土壤物理、化学、生物性状以及减少温室气体排放等方面的作用。60年的实践证明,绿肥是农作物生产的重要物质基础,是绿色农业的有效技术支撑。"绿水青山就是金山银山"的发展理念将主导今后农业生产。未来,绿肥科研要围绕种质资源利用与创新、轻简化高效生产、绿色生产模式构建、绿肥供肥与培肥技术及机制、绿肥产业增值增效路径、宏观战略及产业经济等绿肥产业的全链条,研发关键技术,解决生产难题,夯实理论基础,努力形成适应新形势的绿肥生产技术与理论体系。
The paper summarized the history of production and scientific research on green manure（GM） in China since 1949,reviewed the main activities and achievements of the past 60 years,proposed the future tasks of GM.Since the middle and late 1950 s,the production and scientific research of GM have experienced 3 periods of prosperity,depression,and recovery.The prosperous period lasted for nearly 30 years from the middle and late 1950 s to the early 1980 s,marking as the prosperous GM production and accumulations of scientific experiences of GM.Scientists summarized massive historical experiences,and concluded some important practices,techniques and theories,such as ＂Increasing nitrogen by improving phosphorous＂,＂Phosphorous works only for symptoms while GM plays the interior roles＂,＂Priming phenomena of GM＂.The National Experiment Network of Green Manure（NENGM） was established at the same time.Driven by the huge demand,the production of GM achieved its summit in the 1970 s,the planting area was about 1.3×107 hm2 in the most popular year.The second period was from the early 1980 s to the beginning of this century,the average annual planting area of GM declined to the bottom of about 2.0×106 hm2,However,the scientific research during this period had got stable financial support,the NENGM carried out nationwide collaborative research and improved the GM subject systematically in the 1980 s.In 1990 s,the NENGM focused on improving economic benefits of GM,and made great efforts in expanding GM planting area.During this period,regional planning of GM in China was studied and established,GM genetic plasms were sorted out and evaluated,high yielding cultivars were selected or bred,plantation and utilization patterns with potential comprehensive benefits were evaluated and formulated,effects of GM on soil organic matter as well as conditions were clarified,and a number of historic literatures on GM were published.The third period was from the year of 2007 till now,both the production and research of GM were recovered rapidly.National and some provincial policies of subsidies were implemented for GM plantation,special scientific projects of GM were funded successively from 2008 to2015,moreover,the China Green Manure Research System for GM got approval in 2016.By the efforts of the special scientific projects,the basis of GM germplasms was improved,lightened and simplified production was enhanced greatly,some new patterns and techniques were developed and applied,systems of GM-based high and stable yield as well as clean production were extended widely.Meanwhile,by the collaborative innovation research,GM was proved to be able to promote the ability of high and stable yield when combined with chemical fertilizers,enhance nutrient supply for crops,improve soil physical,chemical,biological properties,and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.Practices of 60 years showed that GM was the important material basis for crop production and was an effective technical support for green agriculture.The develop concept of＂Beautiful scenery is gold and silver mine＂ would guide the agricultural production in future.From now on,the GM scientific research should center around the GM industry chains,i.e.,utilization and innovation of germplasms,simplified and effective GM production,construction of green production patterns based on GM,nutrient supplying and soil fertilizing technology by GM and the relative regulation mechanisms,ways for improving values and benefits of GM,macro strategies and industrial economics for GM production,etc.,and then develop fundamental technologies,solve production problems,solid theory basis,and finally formulate technical and theoretical systems suitable for new agriculture situation.
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第6期1450-1461,共12页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家绿肥产业技术体系(CARS–22)
中国农业科学院科技创新工程
现代农业人才支撑计划资助
关键词
绿肥
科研
回顾
成就
展望
green manure
scientific research
review
achievement
prospect
