摘要
为探索依据冬小麦需水进程和自然供水状况确定各关键生育时期最佳补灌水量的方法,实现高产高水分利用效率的最优补灌方案,为黄淮流域冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持,于2007—2015年度在播种期水肥管理一致的基础上,以生长季雨养(出苗至成熟期间无灌溉)处理为对照进行补灌试验。设置补灌时期和补灌量两个因子。选取各年度雨养处理与籽粒产量和水分利用效率均佳的最优补灌处理,通过对小麦生育期自然供水量、灌水量及籽粒产量等指标进行统计和回归分析。结果表明,在雨养条件下,籽粒产量与播种期主要供水量(0—100cm土层土壤贮水量+播种期灌水量)和各生育阶段自然降水量呈极显著回归关系,而在适时适量补灌的条件下,籽粒产量受播种期土壤供水量和生长季自然降水量的影响明显减小。冬小麦实现高产和高水分利用效率,从播种至各关键生育时期所需的适宜的累计供水量基本稳定。适时适量补充灌溉可有效弥补冬小麦各生育阶段自然供水的不足。在播种期供水适宜的条件下,出苗至拔节期和出苗至开花期的最优补灌水量与雨养籽粒产量分别呈极显著二次曲线关系和极显著负相关。同时发现冬小麦播种期0—20,0—40,0—60,20—40,20—60cm土层土壤体积含水量与0—100cm土层土壤贮水量均呈极显著线性相关,利用0—40cm土层土壤含水量预测0—100cm土层土壤贮水量是可行的。多年试验表明,黄淮流域冬小麦实现9 000~10 000kg/hm2高产和20.3~26.8kg/(hm2·mm)高水分利用效率的全生育期最佳灌水量平均为101.8 mm,变化范围为51.0~172.0 mm。2015—2016年在两试验点的实践验证表明,利用0—40cm土层土壤体积含水量预测0—100cm土层土壤贮水量,模拟值与实测值的一致性较好。采用按需补灌方法,与定额灌溉处理相比,不仅保持了原有的高产水平,而且减少灌溉水36.2~57.6mm,节约用水20.1%~32.0%,显著提高水分利用效率。
In order to seek the optimal irrigation scheme for high yield and high water use efficiency（WUE）of winter wheat,and provide theoretical and technical support for water-saving and high-yielding cultivation of winter wheat,supplemental irrigation（SI）experiments were conducted to explore the methods for determining the optimal supplemental irrigation amount at critical growth stages of winter wheat according to water consumption and natural water supply.The experiments were conducted from 2007 to 2015 on the basis of the same water and fertilizer management during the sowing period,and the rain-fed treatment during the growing season（without irrigation during emergence to maturity）was taken as the control.Two factors including time and amount of SI were set.Selected the annual rain-fed treatment and the optimal supplemental irrigation treatments with better grain yield and WUE,and the natural water supply,irrigation capacity and grain yield of these treatments during growth period were analyzed statistically.The results showed that the grain yield was significantly correlated with the main water supply（soil water storage in 0—100 cm soil layer＋irrigation amount at sowing）at sowing period and the precipitation in different growth stages under rain-fed conditions,but there was no significant relation between them under the optimal SI conditions.The suitable cumulative water supply from sowing to each critical growth stages for achievinghigh yield and high WUE was basically stable.Appropriate SI could effectively compensate for the lack of natural water supply at different growth stages.Under suitable water supply conditions at sowing stage,there was a significant quadratic curve relationship between the optimal SI amount and the rain-fed grain yield from emergence to jointing,and there was a significant negative correlation between the above two parameters from emergence to flowering stage.In addition,the volumetric soil water content in 0—20,0—40,0—60,20—40,20—60 cm soil layers were all significantly linearly related to soil water storage in 0—100 cm soil layer at sowing period.It was feasible to predict soil water storage in 0—100 cm soil layer by using 0—40 cm soil water content.8-year-experimental results showed that the optimum irrigation rate during the whole growth period of winter wheat in Huang-Huai plain was averagely 101.8 mm,ranged from 51.0 to 172.0 mm,and this kind of irrigation rate could achieve high yield（9 000-10 000 kg/hm2）and high WUE（20.3-26.8 kg/（hm2·mm））.The data from two experimental sites during 2015—2016 showed that the soil water storage in0—100 cm soil layer could be predicted by the volumetric soil water content in 0—40 cm soil layers,and the simulated values were consistent with the measured values.Compared with the quota irrigation treatment,on-demand SI treatment not only maintained high grain yield,but also reduced irrigation water by 36.2-57.6 mm,saved water by 20.1%-32.0%,and significantly improved WUE.
作者
王东
WANG Dong(College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University~State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/ Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture, Taian, Shandong 271018)
出处
《水土保持学报》
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第6期220-228,共9页
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
基金
公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503130)
国家自然科学基金项目(31271660)
关键词
冬小麦
按需补灌
节水
高产
winter wheat
supplemental irrigation on-demand
water-saving
high yield
