摘要
微塑料由于其粒径小、光降解能力弱等特点,被视为一种潜在持久性有机污染物,是近年来研究的热点.在微塑料的来源、迁移分布、生物效应和分析方法方面,国内外已有大量的研究,但是缺乏对已有近期研究成果的比较系统、全面的综述.因此,本文对近几年来微塑料在自然环境(陆地、淡水和海洋)中迁移分布、生物效应和分析方法方面的研究进展进行了归纳总结:环境中微塑料的来源分为初级微塑料的直接排放和环境中大块塑料的降解;微塑料在环境中迁移主要通过淡水环境在陆地和海洋环境之间双向迁移;当前,微塑料在环境中的分布研究主要集中在海洋环境中,研究证实微塑料通过洋流作用分布于整个海洋;微塑料的生物效应主要分为摄入效应和与有机污染物结合的复合效应,微塑料对生物的潜在健康风险被初步证实;微塑料的分析方法是微塑料相关研究的基础,很多仪器方法(如显微镜检、光谱质谱分析)已经应用到微塑料的分析鉴定之中,一些新的仪器联用技术(如扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪联用、热吸附解吸与气相色谱质谱联用)也被开发出来.今后应加强对陆地和淡水环境中微塑料的分布、生物效应以及对人体健康影响的研究,并发展更为准确的微塑料定性定量分析方法.本文为微塑料的污染防治提供了较为系统的参考资料,也为该领域的研究、发展提供了可借鉴的思路.
Microplastics（MPs） are synthetic organic polymers. The particle sizes of MPs range from approximately 0.01 to 5 nm. The photodegradation of MPs is more difficult than that of bulk plastics. Therefore, MPs are regarded as potential persistent organic pollutants. Researches of MPs have become a hot spot, and lots of MPs studies were reported recently. Although there are a lot of studies on the migration, distribution, biological effects and analytical methods of MPs in natural environments, systematic and comprehensive review articles are emergent, especially for the recent literatures. The present work summarized the researches involving the migration, distribution, biological effects and analytical methods of MPs in recent years. MPs are generally divided into two types, primary MPs and secondary MPs. Primary MPs are intentionally designed and produced for certain purposes, while secondary MPs generate from the fragmentations of bulk plastics and the breakage of clothes fibers. Currently, researches of MPs distribution focus on in marine environments, and found that MPs distributed throughout the ocean, even in the north and south poles, driven by the flow of sea water. However, researches of on MPs distribution in fresh water and terrene are limited. Researches also showed that MPs could migrate among terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments, where freshwater environments affected the migration and interaction of MPs between terrene and marine environments. Studies of biological effects of MPs focus on two parts, ingestion effects and combined effects with organic contaminants. Ingestion of MPs damages living beings and then MPs transfer through food chains. The responses of living beings to MPs are mainly related to sublethal effects at environmental-relevant concentrations. The inhibition of individual growth and reproduction, disturbance of proteins and genes, and reduction of nutrition uptake were reported for specific physiological effects of MPs. Some researches proposed that MPs could be accumulated in living organisms. Therefore, humans, as a part of the food chains, will inevitably be affected by MPs. The organic contaminants combine with the MPs released from the plasticizers in the production of MPs and then are adsorbed in the natural environments. MPs have been found in seafood. As a result, MPs become one medium of human exposure to organic pollutants. The analysis and identification of MPs are critical to other researches, such as environmental behaviors and toxicity. In general, the analytical methods of plastic include physical and chemical characterizations. Physical characterizations involve visual, microscopy and spectroscopy methods. Chemical characterization methods, such as differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）, gas chromatography mass spectrometry（GC-MS）, scanning electron microscope and energy disperse spectroscopy（SEM-EDS）, and thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry（TDS-GC-MS） are frequently used in chemical characterizations. Although lots of analytical methods were proposed by researchers, there are still some shortcomings and limitations, for example, the influence from environmental or biological matrices. It is necessary to develop effective and accurate methods for the analysis of MPs. Through many researches of MPs were reported recently, the information of source, migration, distribution, biological effects and analytical methods of MPs is not enough to scientifically evaluate their environmental and health risks. Consequently, the present review also proposes some perspectives for MPs researches. It is worth to study the distribution of MPs in terrestrial and freshwater environments, the biological effects at individual level, the prevention and control of MPs pollution and the environmental behavior of nanoplastics. Integrating the data of MPs source, distribution, behavior and toxicity is necessary to the scientific evaluations of MPs risks. This review provides insights in the control techniques and theoretical researches of MPs.
出处
《科学通报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2018年第4期385-395,共11页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
教育部“创新团队发展计划”滚动支持项目(IRT_17R58)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项和国家自然科学基金(2157707,31770550)资助
关键词
微塑料
迁移分布
生物效应
分析方法
microplastics, migration and distribution, biological effect, analytical method
