摘要
为了明确秸秆粉碎集条深埋还田的技术模式对作物生长及产量的影响。该文应用自主研发的秸秆集条还田机械,与五铧犁同步耕作,实现秸秆集条侧施深还田,采用田间大区对比试验研究,设置正常翻耕(对照CK),秸秆耕层还田,秸秆粉碎集条深埋还田3个处理,连续3 a试验。结果表明:与正常翻耕相比,秸秆粉碎集条深埋还田没有降低出苗率,秸秆耕层还田玉米出苗率降低3.3%~3.5%,差异显著(P<0.05);与正常翻耕和秸秆集条深还处理相比,秸秆耕层还田的玉米苗期株高降低3.1~4.5 cm,茎粗降低2.3~2.5 mm,干物质量降低15.8%~17.2%,成熟期株高降低13.3~17.9 cm,茎粗降低3.1~4.0 mm,干物质量降低8.0%~10.8%,根系总量和总根长降低,正常翻耕和秸秆集中还田间无差异;秸秆粉碎集条深埋还田与正常翻耕相比,随还田年限增加,产量有增加趋势,耕层还田连续3 a表现明显减产,差异显著。秸秆集中还田可以克服秸秆耕层还田存在的问题,而且不减产,可以使秸秆有效归还到土壤中。
In recent years, the environmental pollution caused by straw burning is becoming more and more serious. Therefore, straw utilization is concerned by all walks of life. From the present situation of the 70%-90% of straw returning in developed countries, the most effective way to use straw is to return the soil. The amount of straw returning in China is low. At present, the model of straw returning to the field is mainly divided into three major categories, including covering the field, the return of straw to the plough layer, and returning straw into the field through deep ploughing. Covering soil with straw has the effect of maintaining soil moisture, but it reduces the temperature of the ground and cause the delay of crop emergence. The return of straw to the plough layer can improve soil nutrients and change the physical structure of soil, but it can cause the soil to be fluffy and reduce water-retaining property. The straw is often accumulated in the plough layer, which leads to the poor quality of mechanical sowing and the low emergence rate. As the two returning approaches have some drawbacks, our group proposed the technology of returning straw to subsoil. This technique can avoid the problem of low ground temperature and postponing the sowing date in spring in the cold area and avoid the problem of low quality of mechanical sowing and low emergence rate. Meanwhile, it could improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. Dou Sen and other studies also show that straw depth can also effectively improve soil organic matter, promote the formation of aggregates, and change the overall environment of the soil to the direction that is beneficial to the growth of the crops. Although returning straw into the field through deep ploughing can also overcome the unfavorable factors of covering the field, the return of straw to the plough layer, the popularization of straw returning technology is still limited. The main reason is that the corresponding machinery has not been developed. In this paper, in order to solve the problem of mechanical and technical non matching and the low ratio of straw returning to the field, on the basis of the concept of returning straw into the field through deep ploughing, the technology of straw concentrated into a strip returning was developed. According to the idea of this technology, the supporting machinery of straw concentrated into a strip lateral returning, and supporting five plow tillage synchronizations, were designed and developed, which realized the corresponding field operation. A field comparative experiment was conducted with three treatments： normal tillage（control CK）, the return of straw to the plough layer, two steps straw concentrated into a strip returning for three years. The results showed that straw concentrated into a strip returning did not reduce the seed emergence rate compared with CK. The seedling rate of the return of straw to the plough layer was reduced by 3.3%-3.5%, and the difference was significant（P 0.05）. Compared with CK and straw concentrated into a strip returning, the corn height of the return of straw to the plough layer at seedling stage decreased by 3.1-4.5 cm, stem diameter decreased by 2.3-2.5 mm, dry matter quality decreased by 15.8%-17.2%, plant height decreased by 13.3-17.9 cm at maturity, stem diameter decreased 3.1-4.0 mm, dry matter quality decreased 8.0%-10.8%, total root length and total root length decreased, and there was no difference（P 0.05） between CK and straw concentrated into a strip returning. Compared with CK, the three year yield of straw concentrated into a strip returning increased by-0.64%-2.45%, and the yield increased with the number of years of returning to the field. The yield of the return of straw to the plough layer for three years was significantly（P 0.05） reduced, the yield reduction was 3.95%-8.84%, and the difference was significant（P 0.05）. The two steps straw concentrated into a strip returning can overcome the problems of the return of straw to the plough layer and not reduce the yield, which can make the straw return to the soil effectively.
作者
王秋菊
焦峰
刘峰
常本超
姜辉
姜宇
米刚
周鑫
Wang Qiuju;Jiao Feng;Liu Feng;Chang Benchao;Jiang Hui;Jiang Yu;Mi Gang;Zhou Xin(Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China;Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Soil Environment and Plant Nutrient, Harbin 150086, China;College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China;Office of Academic Research of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China;Heihe Branch Academy of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heihe 164300, China)
出处
《农业工程学报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2018年第9期153-159,共7页
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
基金
科技支撑计划(2014BAD11B01-A027)
省重大项目(GA14B101-A04,GA16B401)
省青年基金(QC2014C042)
关键词
秸秆
农业机械
耕作
集条粉碎机
出苗率
产量
straw
agricultural machinery
cultivation
straw concentrated into a strip machinery
emergence rate
yield
