摘要
成功和失败,是儿童成长中不可避免的经历,它们会如何影响儿童后续的行为和决策?这一问题在文献中并未得到充分研究。文章以我国中部农村某小学8～11岁儿童为被试,采用实验经济研究方法,首次探讨了竞争成功和失败的经历对儿童后续目标设定和竞争参与决策的影响。研究发现:在个人目标设定方面,胜方会设定一个低于自己能力的目标,而败方会设定一个与自己能力相近的目标并增加努力提高成绩,最终获得与胜方相近的成绩;在竞争参与决策方面,成功经历对个体竞争参与具有显著正向影响,胜方更愿意参与竞争,并获得更高成绩。此外,相比于男童,成功和失败的经历对女童的目标设定和竞争参与决策的影响更大。上述结果表明,成功的经历并不利于儿童寻求挑战和提升自己,但有利于提高儿童参与竞争的意愿。
This paper for the first time adopts economic field experiments for 267 children aged 8 to 11 from the third to fifth grades of a rural primary school in central China as subjects to study the impact of success and failure in a competition on children’s follow-up goal-setting and competition entry decision-making.The study finds that after the feedback of competition results,winning children will set a goal that is lower than their own ability,and losers will set a goal that is similar to their own ability while increasing their efforts to improve their performance. Ultimately losers achieve scores similar to the successful ones. In terms of the competition entry decision,success in a competition generates significant positive incentives for follow-up competition entry. Children getting success in the first round are significantly more active to choose to compete with others in the follow-up competition choice and ultimately obtain higher scores. We also find that success and failure experiences have a more significant impact on girls’ goal-setting and competition entry decision. Winning girls become more conservative in following rounds,such as setting a goal that is significantly lower than their ability,and less active to choose to compete with others.Compared with the existing literature,this study verifies the positive effect of failure experiences on selfimprovement and the negative impact on competition entry with others from a new perspective. It also provides new insights into understanding the impact of winning and losing experiences on children’s subsequent competitive behaviors. The research results of this paper are consistent with many existing research conclusions,except for gender differences. The gender differences of this study are different from the results of the study of Dutch students,which may be due to the differences between Eastern and Western cultures. This paper has certain implications for guiding children’s development. In the process of children’s growth,on the one hand,we must follow the traditional Chinese concept of victory and defeat,that is,'winning without arrogance,and losing without discouragement'. On the other hand,we also need to balance children’s success and failure experiences. The inspiring role of success experiences and the introspective role of failure experiences allow children to learn to cope with victory and defeat in their experiences. In particular,for rural children,we should use the incentive mechanism of winning experience to guide them in underprivileged circumstances to actively participate in social interaction and social competition.
作者
赵俊
董志强
李伟成
Zhao Jun;Dong Zhiqiang;Li Weicheng(School of Economics&Management,South China Normal University,Guangzhou 510006,China;Key Lab for Behavioral Economics Science&Technology,South China Normal University,Guangzhou 510006,China;South China Research Center for Market Economy,South China Normal University,Guangzhou 510006,China)
出处
《财经研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第3期4-19,33,共17页
Journal of Finance and Economics
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(71473089)
华南师范大学高水平大学建设重大培育项目
关键词
成功失败
目标设定
竞争参与
success and failure
goal-setting
competition entry
