摘要
行政处罚是环境规制的基础性手段,应注重其规制功能的发挥。环境行政处罚的规制功能包括法律威慑、风险预防和生态恢复三个维度,我国现行法制在这些方面尚存结构性缺陷。补强其规制功能的具体路径是:在法律威慑维度,在环境罚款中引入不法利益追缴制度,不法利益追缴属于法定罚最高幅度以上、不法利益总额以下的加重量罚,其"不法利益"应同时涵盖消极利益和积极利益两个层面。在风险预防维度,应通过不确定法律概念赋予行政机关一定的判断余地,一方面,运用类推、预估和降格证明标准的方式判断事实性风险的不确定概念;另一方面,运用分量公式对价值性风险的不确定法律概念作出妥当的利益衡量。在生态恢复维度,要正确认识行政权在生态恢复中的主导作用,从理论上证成生态恢复责任能够作为行政处罚的法律定位,并从直接性恢复、替代性恢复和恢复性罚款三个方面构建系统化的生态恢复行政处罚责任形式。
Administrative penalties are the fundamental means of environmental law enforcement.However,a review of the current environmental quality in China shows that the regulatory function of administrative penalties has not been given full play to.And an examination from the perspective of functional system shows that the environmental administrative penalty system is inadequate in the following three dimensions,i.e.,legal deterrence,risk prevention and ecological restoration.In the legal deterrence dimension,China should establish an illegal benefit deprivation system in environmental fines.In this system,the scope of illegal benefit deprivation should include positive benefits and negative benefits,and the legal nature of illegal benefit deprivation should be positioned on accumulative penalty between the maximum of statutory penalty and the total amount of illegal benefit,but should be limited to the benefit deprivation of the relative person of non-compliance action in cases per se.In the risk prevention dimension,risk beurteilungsspielraum should be given to administrative organs on the basis of undefined legal concepts,so as to plug loopholes in risk prevention.On the one hand,we should use analogy,prediction and the lower standard of proof to determine the undefined legal concept of reality,and on the other hand,we should use Robert Alexy’s weight formula to make appropriate judgment on undefined legal concept of value.In the ecological restoration dimension,the first priority is to clarify the dominant role of administrative power in ecological restoration in terms of norm and function,then to prove that it pertains to administrative penalty in theory.On this basis,we could establish systematic ecological restoration responsibilities in administrative penalties from three perspectives of direct restoration,alternative restoration and restorative fines.
出处
《法学研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第4期151-170,共20页
Chinese Journal of Law
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(2018)"新时代环境规制工具创新的行政法研究"的阶段性成果
关键词
环境行政处罚
环境规制
环境执法
风险预防
生态恢复
environmental administrative penalties
environmental regulation
environmental law enforcement
risk prevention
ecological restoration
