摘要
基于3D打印技术的自动化和智能化优势,将其应用于建筑业,成为当前工程领域研究的热点之一。但是,这种技术在设计方法、打印材料、打印设备以及施工工艺等方面还存在诸多问题,这在一定程度上限制了其大规模的推广应用。与其他应用领域相比,3D打印技术在建筑行业中的应用目前还处于初级阶段。相较于传统的建筑施工,3D打印技术具有如下潜在优势:(1)机械化程度高,施工快,成本低;(2)无模板施工,资源消耗少;(3)劳动强度低,节省人力;(4)施工过程安全、清洁、精确;(5)设计自由,实现轻质高强及多功能;(6)高度定制化,实现标准化与个性化的统一。然而,由于3D打印技术与传统施工技术的不同,导致传统的普通混凝土无法直接应用于3D打印。而以层层堆叠方式打印的材料则普遍存在结构强度较低、层间形成施工冷缝等问题。因此,近年来研究者们在材料配合比、结构优化设计、评价标准以及施工工艺等方面不断探索,并取得了丰硕的成果。最近,已有不少3D打印技术成功应用于个性化住宅、桥梁建造等的案例报道。在建筑业大尺度3D打印技术中已取得成功应用的包括轮廓成型工艺、混凝土打印工艺、D型打印工艺和数字建造工艺,其中轮廓成型工艺现已成为主流的建筑3D打印技术。建筑业3D打印建造技术的主要特征可概括为:基于挤出工艺分层打印混凝土、粉末台面配合使用粘结技术以及增强网格。为了满足3D打印的要求,在打印过程中,打印材料需要保持一定的可挤出性、可建造性、粘结性、可工作时间以及高强度。同时,混凝土结构需要一定的增强措施以确保结构的安全可靠性。此外,随着不同技术之间的相互融合,涉及到具体的项目应用时,可以采用某几个技术的联合。本文系统总结了大尺度3D打印建造技术的发展过程和研究进展。以纤维增强水泥基材料为打印材料,综述了3D打印技术中原材料选择、材料特性、结构增强措施等关键问题。最后,对建筑3D打印技术的发展方向做了展望,以期为3D打印技术在建筑业中的应用推广提供借鉴。
Applying3D printing technology in the construction industry is one of the hot issues in current engineering field due to its automation and intelligentization,However,there are still many unsolved problems in designing method,printing material,printing equipment and construction technology,which hinder its further promotion and application.Implementation of3D printing technology in the construction industry is still in the prototype stage at present.Compared with traditional building construction,3D printing technology has following potential advantages,Ⅰ.high degree of mechanization,fast construction speed and low cost,Ⅱ.template free construction and less resource consumption,Ⅲ.low labor intensity and labor saving,Ⅳ.the construction process is safe,clean and accurate,Ⅴ.free design,light weight,high strength and multifunction,Ⅵ.highly customized,possible for realizing both standardization and personalization.However,3D printing construction technology cannot be directly used to traditional common concrete on account of the different construction techniques.Generally,the materials which were treated via layer by layer manner invariably accompany with the defects of low structure and formation of weak joints between material layers.Therefore,impressive efforts have been devoted by researchers in the investigation of material mix proportion,optimum structural design,evaluation criterion and construction technology.Lately,some cases have been reported that the3D printing technology has been successfully adopted to personalized housing and bridge construction.Successful applications of large-scale3D printing technology in construction filed,include contour forming crafting,concrete printing crafting,D-type printing crafting and digital fabrication crafting,among which the contour forming crafting has been a mainstream technology.The main features of3D printing construction technology are summarized as follows:layering concrete based on extrusion,power table-board bonding with binder techniques and reinforcement gridding.In order to meet the requirements of3D printing technology,the printing materials are required to maintain certain extrudability,buildability,cohesiveness,workable duration and high strength during the printing process.Meanwhile,some enhanced measurements should been taken to insure the safety and reliability of the concrete structures.In addition,with the integration of different technologies,the combination of several technologies may be involved in the application of a specific project.This paper systematically summarizes the development and research progress of large-scale3D printing construction technology.Moreover,it also reviews the key problems of3D printing technology such as.raw material selection,the feature of structural reinforcement measures by virtue of the fiber-reinforced cement-based materials.Furthermore,the development direction of applying3D printing technology in construction industry is also proposed,which provide a reference for its further application and promotion.
作者
朱彬荣
潘金龙
周震鑫
张洋
ZHU Binrong;PAN Jinlong;ZHOU Zhenxin;ZHANG Yang(Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering,Southeast University, Nanjing 211189)
出处
《材料导报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2018年第23期4150-4159,共10页
Materials Reports
基金
“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0703705)
国家自然科学基金(51778131)
江苏省杰出青年基金(BK20160027).
关键词
建筑业
3D打印
纤维增强水泥基材料
材料特性
增强措施
construction industry
three dimensional (3D) printing
fiber reinforced cement-based materials
material characteristics
reinforcement measures
