摘要
在我国的一线政策执行中,街头官僚对刻板印象这一信息解释与工作处理机制的使用早已屡见不鲜。基于刻板印象使用的二阶划分和街头官僚的理论视角,本文构建了街头官僚使用刻板印象的"激活-应用"分析框架,并对一个街道社区卫生服务中心的家庭医生政策执行进行了案例剖析,研究发现:街头官僚根据政策对象的属性将其分门别类,并把政策对象与所属群体的普遍特征相联系,进而完成刻板印象的激活;然而,刻板印象激活并不直接导致刻板印象应用,两者之间还存在着组织制度、官僚个人与政策对象等多层面的中介因素,为刻板印象的应用提供驱动力与合法性;而在中介因素驱动下,街头官僚会根据已被激活的刻板印象,即政策对象所属群体的共有特征,选择相应的行为策略;就结果而言,刻板印象的使用不仅造成了政策执行偏差与回应性不足等负面政策效果,还为街头官僚带来了"自我实现的预言",并给政策对象造成了刻板印象威胁。本研究为透视中国场景下街头官僚行使自由裁量权与政策执行偏差之间的联系开启了一扇微观的窗口;同时,也将政策执行结果的研究维度从政策效果拓展到了心理效应层面。
In the front-line policy implementation in China, street-level bureaucrats often use the stereotype as information interpretation and work processing mechanism. Therefore, the objective of this research is to illustrate how street-level bureaucrats use stereotypes as a tool for exercising discretion. Based on the second-order division of stereotype application and the theoretical perspective of street-level bureaucracy, an "activation-application" analysis framework of the stereotype application was constructed. Meanwhile, a case study of family doctor policy implementation in D Street Community Health-care Center of G City was conducted. It is found that street-level bureaucrats categorize policy objects according to their attributes, and associate policy objects with the general characteristics of the groups they belong to, so as to activate stereotypes. Secondly, the activation of stereotypes does not directly lead to the application of stereotypes. There are many levels of intermediary factors between them, such as organizational system, street-level bureaucrats’ personal factors and policy objects, which providing driving force and legitimacy to the application of stereotype. Driven by intermediary factors, Street-level bureaucrats choose appropriate behavioral strategies based on stereotypes that have been activated. As a result, the application of stereotypes not only results in negative policy effects such as implementation deviation and inadequate responsiveness, but also brings self-fulfilling prophecies to street bureaucrats and poses a stereotype threat to policy objects. The discussion of intermediary factors in this study also provides corresponding policy enlightenment for blocking the flexible behavior of street-level bureaucrats in policy implementation and correcting the policy implementation deviation. Furthermore, this research opens a micro window to see the relationship between the exercise of discretion of street-level bureaucrats and the deviation of policy implementation in the Chinese scene. Meanwhile, it also extends the thinking dimension of policy implementation results from the policy effect to the psychological effect.
作者
李伟权
黄扬
Li Weiquan;Huang Yang(School of Public Administration,Jinan University,Guangzhou,510632,China)
出处
《公共管理学报》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第3期1-15,168,共16页
Journal of Public Management
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(14ZDB166)
暨南大学挑战杯大学生课外学术科技创新创业竞赛项目(19111016)
关键词
刻板印象
政策执行偏差
街头官僚
家庭医生
卫生政策
Stereotypes
Policy Implementation Deviation
Street-Level Bureaucrats
Family Doctor
Health Policy
