摘要
近70年来,中国生态人类学主要实践为三个层面,即追求理论的生态人类学、追求应用的生态人类学和作为文化批评工具的生态人类学。第一种是在特定生态环境中寻找社会运转的机制和文化模式,第二种关心生态环境的污染、破坏与平衡问题;第三种则把学术研究理解为一种文化反思的手段,努力与进化论、汉人意识和现代化叙事模式保持对话。中国生态人类学的基础理论研究非常薄弱,在理论上基本依附西方。大部分生态人类学研究只关注中国的边界地区和少数民族,而对于东部地区、中心地区,即对广大汉人地区的生态问题关注不足。由于缺乏深度的理论探索,大部分应用研究的思路和招数千人一面。中国生态人类学从文化多样性和地方知识观出发寻求解决生态困扰的方案,彰显了其学科优势,但又显得手段单一,从而落入了用地方知识观拯救一切的思维窠臼中。新时期中国生态人类学所获结论基本是一个时代的理论范式关照的结果,明显带有普遍化的、模式化的思维特征。中国生态人类学要想有进一步的发展,要做到从应用手段和文化批评工具到认识论工具的提升,在研究视野上要具有更久远的历史感和实践感。
The past 70 years have witnessed three dimensions of eco-anthropological studies in China.They are theoretical studies,practical studies and cultural criticism.The first dimension,that is,theoretical eco-anthropology,is focused on the mechanism and cultural patterns of social operation.The second dimension,practical eco-anthropology,is centered around environment issues such as pollution,destruction,and balance.The third dimension is about how to use academic studies as a means of cultural reflection and to maintain dialogues with evolution,ethnic consciousness and modern narrative modes.By and large,eco-anthropology in China still has a long way to go in so far as its theoretical basis is concerned,because most of the theories were imported from the West.Moreover,most academic attention was paid to border regions and minority groups,while eco problems of the eastern and central regions populated by the majority groups were almost neglected.The problem of theoretical deficiency and unbalanced scholarly attention can also be found in application studies in that most of them,following the same patterns and methodology,turned out almost to be the same.Cultural diversity and local knowledge,to which great importance has been given when dealing with eco problems,became a dogma into which many studies were deeply sunk because the role of local knowledge was overstated.Major eco-anthropological findings in China during the past several decades,being the natural product of the theoretical paradigm of the era,tend to be more or less patterned and generalized.For further and higher development of China's eco-anthropological studies,application methodology,critical models and epistemological tools need to be upgraded.Moreover,historical sense and practical wisdom also need to be fitted into the researchers'vision.
出处
《湖北民族学院学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
2019年第6期10-23,共14页
Journal of Hubei Minzu University：Philosophy and Social Sciences
关键词
中国生态人类学
地方知识
文化多样性
文化批评
eco-anthropology in China
local knowledge
cultural diversity
cultural criticism
