摘要
广泛分布于中国东南诸省的客家建筑既有显著共性,又随地域变化产生出多种不同特征。文章综合运用建筑学、文化人类学和类型学的方法,对江西客家建筑分布、形态及其核心空间的使用方式开展长期田野调查并进行比较研究,在此基础上提出堂横式建筑是江西客家移民区内分布最普遍和基本的民居建筑类型,其关键特征是祭祀空间与生活空间存在于同一座建筑之中,祭祀空间位于中心位置,生活空间在其周围,但两者完全分离,形成居祀合一而又分立的空间关系,并由此形成以祭祀功能为主的堂屋和以居住功能为主的横屋组合而成的空间模式。堂横式建筑的具体组合既受到风水理论的影响又寻求与特定自然环境的平衡,通过多种方式与周边自然环境对话,从而在不同地区基于同一的空间模式发展出多种多样的建筑形态,并成为围垅屋①、围屋等其他客家民居类型空间组织的基础。
Hakka architecture,which is widely distributed in the provinces of southeast China,not only shares many commonality but also many different characters due to regional characteristics.By applying the methods of architecture,cultural anthropology,and typology,and based on long-term field investigations and comparative studies on the distribution,forms and the usage of core spaces in Hakka architecture in Jiangxi Province,this paper proposes that tangheng building(hall-and-row house)is the most common and basic type of Hakka residences in Jiangxi Province.It finds out that the key feature of this type is that the space for worship and the space for living coexist in the same building,with the former located at the centre and the latter around it.But the two are completely separated to form a spatial relationship in which worship and resi-dential spaces are combined yet separated,forming a spatial model composited by a tang(hall)building prior for worship and heng buildings(row houses)prior for living.Influenced by the fengshui theory,the specific combinations of tangheng building seeks to balance with their speci fic natural environments and communicate with the surrounding natural environments in various ways,thereby developing a variety of architectural forms in different regions based on the same spatial model and becoming the basis of spatial organisation of other Hakka resi-dences such as weilongwu(round-dragon house),weiwu(enclosed house),etc.
作者
蔡晴
姚赯
黄继东
Cai Qing;Yao Tang;Huang Jidong(School of Architecture and Civil Engineering,,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031)
出处
《建筑遗产》
2019年第4期22-36,共15页
Heritage Architecture
关键词
堂横屋
堂屋
横屋
客家民居
江西省
tangheng building
tang building
heng building
Hakka residence
Jiangxi Province
