摘要
通过观察互联网快速发展时期中国企业“集聚逆转”的事实,本文使用融入房地产部门的新经济地理模型,基于互联网对企业的“引力机制”与放大房价分散力的“放大机制”,推演互联网对中国经济地理格局的“重塑机制”。实证方面,应用动态空间面板模型检验互联网影响企业区位选择的微观机制,运用工具变量法验证互联网重塑经济地理格局的宏观效应。研究发现:网络经济时代,互联网已成为地区竞争优势的源泉,对企业具有极强的吸引力。快速上涨的房价大幅提高了拥挤成本,成为分散企业的力量。中国的“基础设施奇迹”填平了“接入鸿沟”,在充分发挥网络外部性的同时,助推企业由高房价地区流入低房价地区。互联网放大了以房价为表征的拥挤成本的分散力,正在重塑着中国的经济地理格局。本文提出以互联网经济作为中国经济发展的新动能、贯彻区域协调发展战略等政策建议。
In the era of the Internet of Things,the Internet is deeply integrated into all aspects of economic and social development.Correspondingly,the location choices of China s enterprises have changed,as the Internet has greatly increased regional competitiveness and is attracting enterprises.However,the development of the Internet in China is extremely regionally unbalanced,which has led to an increasingly wide“digital divide”.We ask the following question.Does the Internet actually strengthen the spatial imbalance of economic activities,and thus act as a new driver of imbalance in regional development?By examining the agglomeration of Chinese enterprises,which occurred in parallel with the expansion of the Internet,we conclude that the degree of economic agglomeration in China has generally declined since 2011.More specifically,the agglomeration of service industries has declined since 2011,while that of manufacturing industries has declined since 2012.In contrast,outside China during the same period,the agglomeration of enterprises in developed countries showed an obvious upward trend.Thus,it seems that the development of the Internet has increased the spatial imbalance of economic activities(i.e.,increased agglomeration)in developed countries,but has had the opposite effect in China,where there has been a reversal of the process of agglomeration of enterprises.This macroeconomic reality leads us to speculate that the Internet may be reshaping China s economic geography.However,the internal mechanism of this reshaping process is not clear.In this paper,we propose a new economic geographic model that incorporates the real estate sector as a basis.This model examines the effects of the exogenous shock from the Internet by modifying budget constraints,profit function and heterogenized“iceberg”transportation costs,and expounds a gravitational mechanism through which the Internet may affect enterprises choice of location.We also propose a magnification mechanism underlying the power of distributive forces,manifested as housing prices,to deduce the mechanism underlying the reshaping of China s economic geography.Empirically,we construct an analytical framework consisting of micro-mechanism tests and macroeconomic effect verification.We sample panel data on 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2016,and use dynamic spatial econometrics to consider the temporal and spatial correlations of enterprise location selection.We also test the micro-mechanism underpinning the Internet s influence on the location choices of enterprises by introducing the house price distance matrix as a distributive force,and use instrumental variables to investigate the macroscopic phenomenon of reshaping economic geography.We find that the“infrastructure miracle”has filled the“access gap”in the Chinese Internet,effectively preventing the widening of the regional gap.Moreover,the popularity of the Internet has strengthened the distributive forces represented by housing prices,and has thus motivated enterprises to move from areas with higher housing prices to those with lower prices.As high-price areas are generally highly concentrated,the development of the Internet may further reshape China s economic geography and narrow the regional development gap,which may also provide a solution to the over-agglomeration of enterprises.To this end,we offer the following recommendations.(1)Chinese economy can be appropriately guided for a rational agglomeration in the central and western regions under the principle of regionally coordinated development,with especial attention to infrastructural construction in remote areas.(2)Local governments should actively implement favorable policies for enterprises,and strive to improve regional public services,build industry-supporting facilities for enterprises,coordinate innovative ecological niches,and make the best use of the real agglomeration economy.(3)Policy makers should regard the Internet as a powerful tool for the sustained and stable development of the Chinese economy,while continuing to promote China s reform and opening up and combining the roles of government and marketing.
作者
安同良
杨晨
AN Tongliang;YANG Chen(School of Economics,Nanjing University;Jiangsu Industrial Economic Development Institute,Nanjing University of Finance and Economics)
出处
《经济研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第2期4-19,共16页
Economic Research Journal
基金
国家社科基金重大研究专项项目(18VXK002)
国家社科基金一般项目(17BJL081)
中宣部“万人计划”项目的资助
关键词
互联网
网络经济
集聚
房价
重塑经济地理格局
Network Economy
Internet
Agglomeration
House Price
Reshaping Economic Geography
