摘要
"外妻"初见于睡虎地秦简,指隶臣"外妻",新出《岳麓书院藏秦简(伍)》中又有"奴外妻"。"外妻"之"外"指妻与夫的身份存在良与贱、庶与奴的差异。隶臣"外妻"特指隶臣自由民身份的妻。秦及汉初"隶臣"的性质可按来源不同分为"刑徒"和"官奴婢",有"外妻"者身份一般为"刑徒"。隶臣"外妻"需提供隶臣"从事公"时的衣服,后改为"冗作"而官府"勿禀食"。隶臣家庭有一定财产,其经济收入来源于从事商业活动及雇佣劳动等。隶臣"外妻"所生子女承袭出生时其父的身份。"奴外妻"特指私家奴的自由民身份的妻。私家奴与"外妻"在身份上虽有奴庶之别,但私家奴对"外妻"有夫权和家长权。奴与"外妻"的婚生子女身份从父,但奴对子女无父权。"外妻"现象是秦及汉初"良贱为婚""庶奴为婚"的一种反映。
"Waiqi"(外妻)first appeared in the Shuihudi bamboo slips of the Qin dynasty,which referred to Lichen’s(隶臣)"Waiqi".In the newly published Qin Bamboo Slips Kept in the Yuelu Academy,there are also records of"Nu Waiqi"(奴外妻)."Wai"in"Waiqi"emphasized on the difference between wife and husband in terms of identity.Lichen’s"Waiqi"referred to the wife of Lichen as a free woman.In the Qin and early Han dynasties,the nature of Lichen could be divided into Xingtu(刑徒)and Guan Nubi(官奴婢)in accordance with their origins.Those who had"Waiqi"were generally Xingtu.Li Chen’s"Waiqi"needed to provide Lichen with clothes when he was"engaged in public affairs"(从事公),which was then changed into Rongzuo(冗作)and the government did not provide food.Lichen’s family had some properties.They could make a living by conducting commercial activities or joining the employed labor force.The children of Lichen’s"Waiqi"inherited their father’s identity at birth."Nu Waiqi"referred to the private slave’s free wife.Although private slaves were different from their"Waiqi"in status,they had"husband’s right"(夫权)and"patriarchal right"(家长权)toward their"Waiqi".Private slaves’children inherited their father’s identity,but private slaves had no"patriarchal power"toward their children.The phenomenon of"Waiqi"is a reflection of the intermarriage of people of different status in the Qin and early Han dynasties.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第3期5-16,共12页
Journal of Historical Science
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“秦汉三国简牍经济史料汇编与研究”(19ZDA196)
南京师范大学博士学位论文优秀选题资助计划(YXXT18_008).
关键词
外妻
隶臣
私家奴
庶奴为婚
"Waiqi"
Lichen
Private Slaves
Intermarriage between Slaves and Freemen
