摘要
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》规定了惯例对当事人具有约束力以及该约束力如何体现,但没有明确惯例通过何种途径约束当事人。事实上,《公约》第9条中的惯例可以分为两类:一类是基于当事人的同意构成合同条款;一类是基于公约的规定成为规范性规则。第二类惯例的约束力来源于法律拟制的当事人同意,公约根据"惯例为人广泛知悉并遵守"推定当事人知道或应知惯例的存在,如果当事人没有表示反对,则视为同意惯例对其具有约束力。区分这两种惯例的意义在于,法官在认定惯例是否具有约束力时会有不同的侧重:如果是作为合同条款的惯例,审理的重点就应在于当事人是否达成合意;如果是作为规范性规则的惯例,则应当认定惯例的普遍性以及当事人的熟悉程度。
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods expresses that the usage is binding on the parties and regulates how the binding force is embodied,but it does not specify how the convention binds the parties.The author believes that the usage in article 9 of the Convention can be divided into two categories.One is incorporated as a part of contract based on the parties’agreement.Another is worked as normative rules based on provisions of the Convention.The effect of the later one comes from a legal fiction of parties’agreement when the Convention held that the usage is such widely known that the parties know or should know that usage,if there is no opposition.The meaning of distinguishing these two kinds of usage lies in the different emphases of judges in determining whether the usage is binding or not.If it is the usage as the contract terms,the focus of the trial should be on determination of the parties’agreement.If it is the usage as a normative rule,the universality of the convention and the familiarity of the parties concerned should be emphasized.
出处
《上海市经济管理干部学院学报》
2020年第2期37-45,共9页
Journal of Shanghai Economic Management College
关键词
惯例
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》
当事人同意
Usage
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
Parties’Agreement
