摘要
只有行为人在实施违反行政管理秩序的行为时具有责任能力和责任条件,行政机关才能予以处罚,这就是行政处罚的责任主义。在我国过去的法律和理论上,对行政处罚多持结果责任的立场,只要客观行为违法即予处罚。根据宪法上人格尊严的要求,为了维护公民的意志自由、实现处罚的目的,行政处罚应当实行责任主义。我国《行政处罚法》应当确定以故意为原则的责任条件,再由特别法在具体情形中根据责任主义的要求,并考虑制裁有限性和行政效率等因素,对行政处罚是否允许以过失为责任条件逐一作出权衡判断。对于过失的认定,不应实行过错推定原则,而仍应由行政机关承担举证责任,行政机关可以在行为人没有达到一般注意义务的要求时,考察行为人有无正当理由而作出认定。
An offender could be punished by administrative agencies only if he violates the administrative order with the capacity for responsibility and culpable conditions,which is called the culpability principle of administrative penalty. The old legislation and theories in China mostly hold the position of consequence-based culpability by imposing penalty upon the offender for an illegal act in the objective sense.However,according to the requirement of personal dignity in the Constitution,culpability principle should be applied in order to protect citizens’ free will and accomplish the aim of the administrative penalty. The Administrative Penalty Law should in principle take intention as a culpable condition,and the special laws determine whether negligence is allowed to be a culpable condition for the administrative penalty case by case according to the requirements of the culpability principle and by taking into account the limitation of the sanction and the administrative efficiency. The negligence shall not be ascertained by adopting the principle of presumption,and the burden of proof should be placed on the administrative agency. If the offender does not meet the requirements of the general duty of care,the administrative agency may examine whether the offender has a justifiable reason for his action,thus making a determination.
出处
《政治与法律》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第6期2-13,共12页
Political Science and Law
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“中国行政法学说史研究”(项目编号:20YJA820020)的阶段性成果之一。
关键词
行政处罚
意志自由
责任条件
合法推定
结果责任
Administrative Penalty
Free Will
Culpable Condition
Presumption of Legality
Consequence-based Culpability
