摘要
随着现代网络通信技术的高速融合发展,创新活动的复杂性日益提升,诸多新类型创新模式不断涌现。作为开放式创新的一个类型,知识耦合型创新以知识创新为基础,成功地利用知识流的耦合解决了协同创新中的信息对称和激励相容问题。本文通过对Open NASA平台的典型案例研究,发现Open NASA平台经历4个阶段,即定义协作任务与规则、挖掘外部合作者并纳入协同体系、相互协作共同创新、转化利用协作成果,采用开源、挑战赛和众包等形式进行互动协作,能够显著拓展创新力量,激发创新活力,打造全新科研生态。该模式对我国国防科技协同创新模式的探索与演进具有重要借鉴价值。
Innovation is the catalyst of economic development. In traditional industrial field, closed innovation is the main model of technological innovation. With the rapid development of modern telecommunication technology, the complexity of innovative activities has been increasing along with the emergence of many new types of innovation models, such as distributed innovation, cooperative innovation, open innovation, etc. Knowledge-coupled innovation model is a type of open innovation models, which is based on knowledge innovation and has successfully utilized the coupling of knowledge flow to solve the problems of information symmetry and incentive compatibility in collaborative innovation. Previous researches on the open innovation model mainly focused on the company alliance, and seldom discussed the interaction, nature, process and cases of coupled open innovation. This study, from a perspective different from technological innovation, theoretically focuses on the formation processes, basic principles and advantages of knowledge-coupled collaborative innovation model, and tries to further deconstructs the following three sub-problems:(1) determine the characteristics of each innovation model and their relations;(2) explore the core innovation elements and principles of coupled open innovation;(3) analyze the problems solved by knowledge-coupled open innovation.This paper, taking the defense science and technology innovation practice of National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) as an example, analyzes the main ways to stimulate knowledge coupling, the open platform to support knowledge coupling and the basic steps to realize knowledge coupling. Through a systematical case study of Open NASA, this study found that by utilizing open source, challenge and crowdsourcing and through four stages(including defining collaborative tasks and rules;finding and incorporating external partners into collaborative systems;cooperating and innovating;co-creating and transforming collaborative results) to promote collaboration, the Open NASA platform can significantly expand the main body of innovation, stimulate innovation vitality and create a new research ecology. This mode has significant reference value for China′s national defense science and technology innovation. Through the analysis of the formation processes, basic principles and advantages of the knowledge-coupled collaborative innovation model, this study finds that:(1) The initial closed innovation is the self-circulation technological innovation confined within the main body of innovation. Closed innovation has obvious organizational boundary, and the boundary is closed and impenetrable. As the boundaries of innovation organizations become permeable, the innovation model gradually develops from closed innovation to cooperative innovation. In cooperative innovation, the cooperative parties mainly take the form of joint innovation, while technological innovation still limits the cooperative parties to the outside world, which is still relatively closed. In order to overcome the limitation of cooperative innovation, Chesbrough proposed the concept of "open innovation". In this concept, "innovation" refers to the development and commercialization of new products, new processes, new services, or improved versions of them, and "open" refers to the flow of knowledge into or out of an organization. The essence of open innovation is "not of me, but for me". Knowledge-coupled innovation is a type of open innovation, which takes knowledge as the core innovation resource. "Knowledge-coupled" refers to knowledge flow can both enter the organization boundary from outside and exit from inside in the process of innovation.(3) The core of all innovation is knowledge innovation, which is the essential attribute of innovation. This is the basic principle of constructing knowledge-coupled open innovation model.(4) Compared with other open innovation models, knowledge-coupled innovation solves the problem of information symmetry and incentive compatibility from different perspectives.Based on the above theoretical research conclusions, this paper analyzes Open NASA, an open platform of NASA, as a practical case of knowledge-coupled open innovation model. The case of Open NASA indicates that:(1) Challenges, crowdsourcing, and open source are the main methods that adopted by Open NASA to stimulate knowledge coupling. These methods revolutionize innovation by engaging with non-traditional sources of innovative ideas.(2) Through the interaction on the platform, data, code and API flow out of NASA in the form of "knowledge raw materials", and innovative ideas, processes, products and even solutions flow into NASA in the form of "knowledge innovation results". This is the embodiment of Open NASA′s supporting knowledge coupling.(3) Open NASA realizes knowledge coupling through four basic steps. The first step is defining the collaborative tasks and rules, which is realized by constructing tasks, establishing cooperation rules and allocating resources. This step allows knowledge and innovation needs of NASA to "flow out" of organizational boundaries in the form of resources and "missions", and to solve information symmetry problems and achieve effective management within the constraints of cooperation rules. The second step is finding and incorporating external partners into collaborative systems. The specific performance of the steps is to find and screen the participants, to stimulate and attract the public. This step aims to attract a lot of external "smart brains" and stimulate more high-quality external knowledge to "flow" into the organizational boundaries. The third step is cooperating and innovating. This is the core step of knowledge-coupled open innovation. It is mainly about the management and control of the interactive collaborative innovation process. The forth step is co-creating and transforming collaborative results. The transformation and utilization of the achievements are not only driving inward, but also radiating outward. The essence of the achievements is the result of knowledge innovation. The transformation and utilization is an important link of knowledge coupling.The operation, development and maturing of the knowledge-coupled open innovation mode represented by Open NASA provide three inspirations for the exploration and evolution of the collaborative innovation mode of national defense science and technology in China:knowledge-coupled open innovation can(1) widely attract the wisdom of the masses, and significantly expand the strength of support;(2) innovate incentive mechanism, and greatly stimulate the vitality of innovation;(3) innovate the organizational model, and create a new scientific research ecology. However, when China′s national defense science and technology development and innovation imitates and applies Open NASA′s knowledge-coupled innovation model, it is necessary to study and introduce the basic elements such as intellectual property that meet China′s national conditions, so as to form a good innovation ecology.
作者
易比一
曾立
Yi Biyi;Zeng Li(National University of Defense Technology,Changsha 410073,Hunan,China;National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology,Beijing 100091,China)
出处
《科研管理》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第5期231-239,共9页
Science Research Management
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(71841055,2018.12-2020.01)。
