摘要
道德判断的矛盾与冲突是影响社会和谐、社会合作的重要因素.本文旨在回顾道德判断的已有研究,并介绍多项式模型在道德判断研究中的应用.道德判断双加工模型认为,个体的道德判断由两种道德原则驱动:功利论原则与道义论原则.在判断行为是否道德时,功利论主要关注行为结果是否能最大化整体利益,而道义论则关注行为本身是否符合道德规范.为测量个体的道德判断倾向,研究者开发了一系列功利论与道义论相冲突的道德困境.首先,本文介绍传统道德困境范式的局限以及道德判断多项式模型的优势.传统道德困境范式存在的主要局限有:(1)未设计能分离行为结果以及道德规范独立作用的道德困境,因此无法准确测量个体在道德判断中对行为结果与道德规范的在意程度;(2)无法排除个体在道德困境中做判断时伤害他人偏好、不行动偏好等混淆变量;(3)无法刻画道德判断的心理加工过程,进而无法量化不同心理过程在道德判断中的重要程度.为了克服上述传统道德困境范式的局限,研究者将多项式模型(multinomial model)运用在道德判断研究中,提出道德判断的CNI模型,即将道德判断的心理过程分解为后果敏感性、道德规范敏感性以及不行动偏好,并使用模型参数分别量化这些心理过程在道德判断过程中的重要程度.其次,回顾道德判断多项式模型实证研究的最新进展,并总结其如何促进双加工模型的修正,并深化我们对道德判断中个体差异(性别、精神病态特质)的理解.最后,指出道德判断多项式模型的局限,并对未来研究提供了建议.
Morality has been a hot topic in the psychological literature, and moral judgment, appraising process that enables individuals to differentiate good from evil and right from wrong according to moral principles, is a critical component of human morality. This review aims to introduce the application of multinomial models in moral judgment research. Several theories have been proposed to explain how moral judgment is made. Dual-process theory of moral judgment proposed that moral judgment is shaped by two moral principles(i.e., utilitarianism and deontology). The principle of utilitarianism emphasizes that the morality of an action is determined by its consequence whereas the principle of deontology states that the morality of an action depends on its consistency with moral norms. To measure people’s moral inclinations in moral judgment, researchers developed moral dilemma paradigm that pit the utilitarian principle against the deontological principle. Based on this moral dilemma paradigm, moral psychologists have revealed gender difference(i.e., men are more utilitarian) and individual differences(e.g., psychopathy individuals are more utilitarian) in moral judgment.However, the traditional moral dilemma paradigms, which did not distinguish the consequences and moral norms in moral dilemmas, can’t precisely measure an individual’s inclinations to utilitarian and deontological nor preclude potential confounders(e.g., people’s preference to act or not in moral dilemmas). To overcome these shortcomings of the traditional moral dilemma paradigms, researchers have recently developed a multinomial model(i.e., the CNI model) that allows researchers to quantify sensitivity to consequences(C), sensitivity to moral norms(N), and a general preference for inaction versus action irrespective of consequences and norms(I) in responses to moral dilemmas. This review aims to discuss the disadvantages of traditional moral dilemma paradigm and the advantages of the CNI model, and to summarize how CNI model-based findings contribute to our understanding of moral judgment. Specifically, recent work based on the CNI model of moral judgment has elaborated on how cognitive load and incidental happiness affect specific psychological processes of moral judgment, which challenges the dual-process theory of moral judgment. Moreover, the cognitive mechanisms underlying the individual differences(i.e., gender and psychopathy) in moral judgment have been clarified. We also point out future directions for moral judgment research. First, due to a small number of observation data in the model(i.e., data from only 24 moral dilemmas), the CNI model may not fit the data well at an individual-level and thus not be suitable for correlational designs. Future studies need to develop a larger set of moral dilemmas to increase the observations for the model and allow model fitting at an individual level. Second, it has been recognized that Chinese people showed stronger deontological inclination than British people, thus it would be interesting to uncover the underlying neurocognitive mechanism of culture differences in moral judgment. Third, several neuromodulators, such as oxytocin and serotonin, have been shown to affect moral judgment, future research is thus needed to clarify the influence of neuromodulators on specific cognitive processes underlying moral preferences. In conclusion, this review highlights the advantages of multinomial modeling and summarizes how the CNI model-based findings deepen our understanding of moral judgment, and the individual differences(i.e., gender and psychopathy) in moral judgment, which yields insights into human morality.
作者
曾笑雨
马燚娜
Xiaoyu Zeng;Yina Ma(State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning,IDG/Mc Govern Institute for Brain Research,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)
出处
《科学通报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第19期1912-1921,共10页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
国家自然科学基金(31722026,31771204)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2018EYT04)资助。
关键词
道德判断
双加工模型
多项式模型
功利论
道义论
moral judgment
dual-process theory
multinomial model
utilitarianism
deontology
