摘要
【目的】探讨人工生草对南疆枣园土壤理化性状的影响及其演变特征,为极端干旱区改进果园土壤管理措施与推广生草技术提供理论依据。【方法】试验以南疆枣园为研究对象,在枣树行间间作三叶草(Trifolium repens L.)、早熟禾(Poa annua L.),以清耕为对照(CK),于种植后第3年分别测定0~60 cm土壤容重、颗粒组成、持水量、贮水量、渗透速率与有机质、速效养分等性状,分析生草栽培对土壤理化性质的影响。【结果】(1)生草栽培降低土壤容重,改变颗粒组成,提高土壤含水量,增加孔隙度与通气度,明显改善土壤物理结构,影响主要集中在0~40 cm土层。(2)生草栽培提高土壤持水量和贮水量,降低最佳含水量下限和灌溉定额,土壤持水贮水性能及有效性水分供给、涵养水源功能得到显著提升。生草区最大、毛管、田间持水量和土壤吸持、滞留、饱和贮水量分别较清耕高4.02%、3.54%、3.49%和8.42mm、0.96 mm、9.42 mm,最佳含水量下限、灌溉定额则分别降低2.37 mm、3.84 mm。(3)生草栽培提高枣园土壤入渗性能,水分快速入渗转化为土壤水、减少地表径流,提高土壤水分利用率。生草区土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均渗透速率和渗透系数分别较清耕高0.73、0.29、0.32、0.10 mm·min^-1。(4)生草栽培提高枣园土壤品质,生草区土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较清耕高4.10 g·kg^-1、18.48 mg·kg^-1、49.58 mg·kg^-1、61.12 mg·kg^-1。(5)早熟禾对0~20 cm土壤改良效应大于三叶草,其他层次三叶草优于早熟禾,种植三叶草更佳。【结论】人工生草能明显降低土壤容重,改善土壤物理结构,增持土壤水分,提高土壤入渗性能和有机质、养分含量,提升土壤品质。南疆枣园以种植三叶草效果较好。
【Objective】Jujube is one of the important fruits and has a long history of planting in China.The superior natural conditions with ample light and heat resources,rare precipitation,long duration of sunshine,long frost-free period,large diurnal temperature difference,few pests and diseases,no industrial pollution,and adequate soils are very suitable for the growth and development of jujube in southern Xinjiang.In the past decades,jujube has been introduced and cultivated in many northwest regions due to its excellent ecological adaptability,high production and popularity in domestic market.Jujube industry therefore plays an important role in rural economy,farmers’income and in eliminating poverty and achieving prosperity in the poverty areas in southern Xinjiang.In 2018,the planting area of jujube reached 4×10^5 hm^2 with a production of 2.4 million tons.It has become an important pillar industry in local rural areas.It is well known that soil organic matters and nutrients are fundamental for sustainable orchard production.However,poor soil quality and water shortage are the adverse factors,and traditional orchard soil management with clear tillage has led to a series of ecological and environmental problems such as soil water decrease,soil property deterioration,surface roughness,soil erosion,pesticide use increase,environmental pollution,loss of biodiversity and weakening of system resistance in a long run,which leads to reduce agricultural productivity and decrease economic benefit,and restrict the sustainable development of horticulture industry.Currently,inter-row planting grass is a recommended soil management practice in orchards.It improves soil physical and chemical properties,reduces soil water evaporation,increases soil organic matter content,maintains soil nutrient balance,ameliorates orchard ecological environment,and effectively solves the potential negative effect due to long-term clean tillage in orchard.However,there has been limited investigation on the influence of artificially planted grass on soil quality in extremely arid areas of southern Xinjiang.In order to provide theoretical and practical basis for orchard soil-water management technique,the effects of inter-row planting white clover(Trifolium repens),bluegrass(Poa annua)and clear tillage on soil physical-chemical properties in a jujube orchard were studied in the extreme arid area.【Methods】The experiment was conducted in a jujube orchard with three treatments:inter-row planting white clover(Trifolium repens)or bluegrass(Poa annua),and the clean tillage(CK).The grasses were planted in the spring of 2016.The average sowing volume was 15-22.5 kg·hm^-2,with mowing twice a year.In the third year after successive grass planting,soil samples were taken at different layers from 0 to 60 cm using the five-point method from March to September 2018.We tried to minimize the disturbance of soil samples during the collection and transport processes.The soil physical-chemical properties including soil bulk density,porosity,water-holding capacity and nutrient content were measured.【Results】Interrow grass planting could reduce soil bulk density,increase soil water content and porosity,change soil particle composition and significantly improve the physical structure of soil,especially in 40 cm soil layer.Interrow grass planting enhanced the water-holding capacity of soil,and reduced the optimal lower limit of water content and irrigation quota.The soil water holding capacity,available water content and water retention function were improved significantly.The maximum capacity,capillary capacity,field capacity and soil saturated water content,soil absorbed water content,soil retained water content in grass treatment within 60 cm were increased by 4.02%,3.54%,3.49%and 8.42 mm,0.96 mm,9.42 mm compared to CK,respectively,and the optimal lower limit of water content and irrigation quota decreased by 2.37 mm,3.84 mm,respectively.Interrow grass planting enhanced soil infiltration capacity.The irrigation water could rapidly infiltrate into soil,reduce runoff and improve the utilization of soil water.The soil initial permeability rate,steady permeability rate,average permeability rate and permeability coefficient in grass treatments within 60 cm were increased by 0.73 mm·min^-1,0.29 mm·min-1,0.32 mm·min^-1,and 0.10 mm·min^-1 compared to CK,respectively.Interrow grass planting improved the soil quality.The soil organic matter and available N,P,K content were increased by 4.10 g·kg^-1,18.48 mg·kg^-1,49.58 mg·kg^-1,61.12 mg·kg^-1 compared to CK,respectively.White clover was better than bluegrass in improving soil quality.【Conclusion】Interrow grass planting can significantly improve soil physical-chemical properties,and improve soil quality.The effect of planting clover was much better in orchard,southern Xinjiang.
作者
马晓燕
王志鑫
郝康伟
席琳乔
韩路
MAXiaoyan;WANG Zhixin;HAO Kangwei;XI Linqiao;HAN Lu(College of Plant Science,Tarim University,Alar 843300,Xinjiang,China;College of Animal Science,Tarim University,Alar 843300,Xinjiang,China)
出处
《果树学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第8期1184-1195,共12页
Journal of Fruit Science
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0501407)
兵团南疆科技攻关项目(2018AB037)
园艺产业技术创新人才培养示范基地(2019CB001)。
关键词
枣园
人工生草
土壤水文物理特性
土壤养分
土壤品质
南疆
Jujube orchard
Artificial-planted grass
Soil hydraulic-physical properties
Soil nutrient
Soil quality
Southern Xinjiang
