摘要
《奥地利刑法典》第12条规定了直接正犯、唆使正犯与协助正犯三种正犯形式并要求都以(单一的)正犯论处,教义学称之为功能性的单一正犯。在不法和罪责的判断上,通说主张对于三种正犯形式原则上遵循从刑法第13条导出的自治答责性原则对各个正犯分别进行评价。但由于奥地利法秩序中不存在德国法上的间接正犯类型,在毒汤案中对于没有罪责的最后行为者以及幕后者的正犯形式认定上存在争议。此外,通说在例外情况下如涉及唆使未遂、协助未遂与特殊义务犯的唆使协助等,适用所谓的个别的从属性对正犯的可罚性范围以及量刑幅度予以限定。最后,从刑法的一般预防机能出发,单一正犯模式有利于保障公民对于可罚行为的预见可能性,另外,因为遵循自治答责原则,因此并不具有导向行为人刑法的危险,且由于个别从属性的例外承认,也不会导致过度的可罚性扩张。
The Article 12 of Austrian Criminal Code stipulates three forms of principal offender:direct principal offender,abetting principal offender and assisting principal offender,and requires them to be treated as(single)principal offender,which is called functional single principal offender in dogmatics.In the judgment of illegality and criminal responsibility,the general theory advocates that hermeneutics should follow the principle of autonomous accountability derived from Article 13 of criminal law to evaluate each principal offender separately.However,since Austrian legal order does not include indirect principal offender as defined by German law,there are disputes on determining the form of the principal offender as to the last actor and the person behind the scenes who are unguilty in the poison soup case.Moreover,in exceptional cases,such as attempted instigation,attempted assistance and instigation and assistance of special duty criminals,the so-called individual subordination is applied to limit the scope of punishment and the range of sentencing.Finally,from the perspective of the general preventive function of criminal law,the single principal offender model is conducive to guaranteeing the possibility of citizens to foresee the punishable behavior.In addition,since it follows the principle of autonomous accountability,it does not incur the danger of guiding the perpetrator's criminal law,and due to the exceptional recognition of individual dependent attributes,it will not lead to excessive expansion of punishable nature.
出处
《中国社会科学院研究生院学报》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第4期15-24,共10页
Journal of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
关键词
功能性的单一正犯
自治答责性
个别的从属性
未遂犯
特殊犯
functional single principal offender
autonomous accountability
individual subordination
attempted criminal
special criminal
