摘要
【目的】本研究通过分析氮、磷、钾施用量及分次施用比例对冀中平原棒山药产量、养分累积特征和养分利用效率的影响,以明确棒山药的最佳养分管理方式。【方法】田间试验分别在河北保定随东村和西孟尝村进行,供试山药品种为当地主栽品种棒山药。在随东村进行了氮磷钾3因素4水平完全随机试验,4个施N水平为0、225、300、450 kg/hm^2(基追比均为3∶7),4个施P2O5水平为0、75、150、300 kg/hm^2(均基施),4个施K2O水平为0、225、300、450 kg/hm^2(基追比均为4∶6),分析山药产量及不同生长阶段地上、地下部氮磷钾累积量。在西孟尝村进行了基施不同氮、磷量和钾肥的基追比例试验,4个基施氮(N)水平为0、60、90、120 kg/hm^2,除对照外追施量均为240 kg/hm^2;4个基施P2O5水平为0、150、225、300 kg/hm^2;4个钾肥基追(追肥分别于根茎膨大初期和盛期)比例为0∶0∶0、5∶2∶2、5∶4∶0、9∶0∶0,K2O施用总量均为270 kg/hm^2。收获期测定山药茎、叶、零余子和根茎的生物量和氮磷钾累积量。【结果】1)氮肥基追比例相同时,总施N 300 kg/hm^2的山药产量和氮累积量显著高于施N 225 kg/hm^2,表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力则显著高于N 450 kg/hm^2处理;追施氮量相同时,基施纯N 90 kg/hm^2的全株氮、钾累积量显著高于基施纯N 60 kg/hm^2,但两者山药产量、地下部氮磷钾累积量及养分利用效率均无明显差异。2)不同施磷水平下,P2O5150 kg/hm^2处理的山药产量和氮磷钾累积量显著高于P2O575 kg/hm^2处理,增产7.9%;当施P2O5量超过150 kg/hm^2时,山药产量不再增加;但施P2O5225 kg/hm^2的地上部氮磷累积量以及全株氮累积量均显著高于施P2O5150 kg/hm^2,两者的表观利用率也没有明显差异。3)不同供钾水平下,总施K2O 300 kg/hm^2的山药产量和氮磷钾累积量显著高于K2O 225 kg/hm^2处理,表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力则显著高于K2O 450 kg/hm^2处理;总施K2O量为270 kg/hm^2时,基追分施处理的山药产量、氮磷钾累积量和养分利用效率均优于一次性基施。【结论】适量增施氮磷钾肥有利于山药增产和养分吸收,但过量施肥并不会增加产量且降低养分利用效率。结合适种山药的土壤性质和山药养分需求特性,从保证山药产量、实现养分累积和利用效率最大化,同时兼顾维持土壤肥力角度考虑,传统水肥管理方式下最佳氮磷钾养分管理的推荐模式为:基施纯N 60~90 kg/hm^2,追施N 210~270 kg/hm^2,追肥分别于甩条发棵期、根茎膨大初期和盛期进行;一次性基施P2O5150~225 kg/hm^2;总施K2O 270~300 kg/hm^2,基肥K2O 120~150 kg/hm^2,其余在根茎膨大初期追施一次或者于根茎膨大初期和盛期等量各追施一次。
【Objectives】In this study,we analyzed the effects of N,P and K application rates and methods on yield,nutrient accumulation and utilization efficiency of yam(Dioscorea oppositifolia L.),to propose the optimal nutrient management pattern of yam.【Methods】Two field experiments were conducted in the Suidong and Ximengchang Village,Baoding City,Hebei Province.‘Bangyao’,a main extended yam cultivar in the central Hebei Plain,was used as the study materials.At Suidong Village,the four N levels were 0,150,225,300 kg/hm^2 with the base to topdressing application ratio of 3∶7;the four P2O5 levels were 0,75,150,300 kg/hm^2,which were applied as basic fertilizer;and the four K2O levels were 0,150,225,300 kg/hm^2 with the base to topdressing application ratio of 4∶6.The yield and N,P and K accumulations in aboveground and underground parts of yam were measured at different growth stages.In the experiment at Ximengchang Village,the four basic N levels were 0,60,90,120 kg/hm^2 and the topdressing N levels were 240 kg/hm^2;the four P2O5 levels were 0,150,225,300 kg/hm^2 and applied as basic fertilizer;the K2O 270 kg/hm^2 were applied in four ratios of base to topdressing application with 0∶0∶0,5∶2∶2,5∶4∶0 and 9∶0∶0.The yield and N,P and K accumulations in stem,leaf,bulbil and rhizome of yam were evaluated at harvest.【Results】1)The yield and N accumulation of yam in N rate of 300 kg/hm^2 were significantly higher than those in N rate of 225 kg/hm^2;Under the same base to topdressing application ratio of N fertilizer,the apparent recovery efficiency(ARE),agronomic efficiency(AE)and partial fertilizer productivity(PFP)of N fertilizer in treatment with N 300 kg/hm^2 were significantly higher than those with N 450 kg/hm^2.At the same amount of N topdressing,there were no significant difference in yam yield among different N basal application rates,but the N and K accumulation in treatment at N 90 kg/hm^2 showed a significant increase compared to those at 60 kg/hm^2.2)The yield and NPK accumulation of yam at P2O5150 kg/hm^2 were significantly higher than those at P2O575 kg/hm^2,and the yield increase was up to 7.9%.When the P2O5 rate was beyond 150 kg/hm^2,the effect of yam increasing became not significant,but the aboveground N and K accumulation and the whole plant N accumulation at P2O5225 kg/hm^2 were significantly higher than those at P2O5150 kg/hm^2,and there was no significant difference in ARE between the two treatments.3)The yield and NPK accumulation of yam at K2O rate of 300 kg/hm^2 were significantly higher than those at K2O 225 kg/hm^2.The ARE,AE and PFP of K at K2O 300 kg/hm^2 were significantly higher than those at K2O 450 kg/hm^2.When the total amount of K2O was 270 kg/hm^2,splitting application had better effect on yield,NPK accumulation and ARE of yam than the one-time basal application.【Conclusions】Appropriate supply of N,P and K fertilizer is beneficial to increase yam yield and nutrient accumulation.Excessive application would not increase yield,and influences the nutrient utilization efficiency adversely.The optimum NPK nutrient management pattern for yam cultivation to high yield and nutrient use efficiency are as follows:basal applying N 60–90 kg/hm^2,and topdressing N 210–270 kg/hm^2 at the yam seedling and early and full rhizome expansion stage,respectively;onetime basal applying P2O5150–225 kg/hm^2;applying K2O of 270–300 kg/hm^2 half as basal and half as topdressing,and the topdressing can be applied either once in the early rhizome expansion period or twice applied in early and full rhizome expansion,respectively.
作者
牛劭斌
许华森
孙志梅
王东
赵伟鹏
马文奇
NIU Shao-bin;XU Hua-sen;SUN Zhi-mei;WANG Dong;ZHAO Wei-peng;MA Wen-qi(College of Resources and Environmental Science,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding,Hebei 071001,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第9期1702-1713,共12页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0200403)。
关键词
山药
养分供应水平
养分运筹
产量
氮磷钾累积量
养分利用效率
yam
nutrient supply rate
nutrient operation
yield
NPK accumulation
nutrient utilization efficiency
